FRENCH 



2329 



FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS 



Hour, which has been dramatized, and The 

 Lion's Share. 



FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850-1912), an 

 American sculptor, the record of whose splen- 

 did achievements, always inspired by the high- 

 est ideals in art, is unique in the history of 

 American sculpture. He was born at Exeter, 

 N. H., and began his career by modeling ani- 

 mals and birds. Louisa May Alcott early 

 recognized his ability and became his first 

 critic. At the age of twenty-three he com- 

 pleted his first important work, The Minute 

 Man, for the centenary of the Battle of Con- 

 cord. This was soon followed by many signifi- 



cant portrait statues, including those of John 

 Harvard and Lewis Cass, and the Gallaudet 

 Monument at Washington. His memorial 

 statue of Washington was commissioned by 

 the women of America and erected in Paris. 

 Death Staying the Hand of the Sculptor, a 

 memorial relief for the tomb of the sculptor 



' Martin Milmore, in Forest Hills Cemetery, 

 Boston, is considered his greatest work. His 

 colossal statue of The Republic was one of the 



' best pieces of sculpture at the Chicago World's 

 Fair of 1893. These are but a few of the 

 monumental works of this celebrated worker in 

 the plastic arts. 



f.RENCH AND INDIAN WARS. The 



claims of the English and French settlers in 

 North America were from the outset conflict- 

 ing. Those who planted colonies on the sea- 

 board, announced the English, had a right to 

 all the land that stretched inland from those 

 points; the French claimed that settlement at 

 the source or the mouth of a river conferred 

 a title to all territory which the river drained. 

 Carrying out these theories, the English pressed 

 westward from the Atlantic coast, the French 

 southward from Canada and northward from 

 Louisiana, and conflict was inevitable. It 

 might have been but a colonial affair had it 

 not been that the two countries were at swords' 

 points in Europe as well; the most serious 

 struggles were in Europe, and the American 

 conflicts were really outgrowths of these. 

 They are known as the French and Indian 

 Wars, because the French in every case had 

 the Indians as allies. 



King William's War (1689-1697). This first 

 struggle bears the name of the sovereign who 

 but a year before its outbreak had come to 

 rule in England. Its European phase was 

 known as the WAR OF THE GRAND ALLIANCE. 

 In America it began with the sending of French 

 expeditions from Canada against the English 

 frontier. Hundreds of settlers were captured 

 or killed, sixty falling in the little town of 

 Schenectady, but all the English expeditions 



against Canada except one failed almost before 

 they started. Finally the war came to an end, 

 not because anything had been decided, but 

 because a treaty of peace had been signed 

 in Europe. By this treaty the French sur- 

 rendered all territory in America of which they 

 had gained possession during the war. 



Queen Anne's War (1701-1713). This was an 

 outgrowth of the great European conflict 

 known as the WAR OF THE SPANISH SUCCESSION 

 (see SUCCESSION WARS), in which France had 

 the assistance of Spain. Thus English colonists 

 both in the North and in the South were at- 

 tacked, the former by the French from Can- 

 ada, the latter by the Spaniards from Florida. 

 In the north the outstanding event was the 

 attack on Deerfield, Mass., by the French and 

 their Algonquin allies. Perhaps the French 

 leaders could not control their savage helpers, 

 perhaps they did not try; at any rate, in Feb- 

 ruary, 1704, the town was sacked, fifty-three 

 were killed and 111 made prisoners, of whom 

 seventeen were later put to death. The Eng- 

 lish also, in 1710, took Acadia, which they 

 rechristened Nova Scotia and have ever since 

 continued to hold. In the South the conflict 

 consisted of attacks on Saint Augustine by the 

 English and counter-attacks on Charleston by 

 the Spaniards. The Treaty of Utrecht (1713), 

 which closed the war, ceded to England the 

 Hudson Bay region, Newfoundland and Nova 



