FUMIGATION 



2349 



FUNSTON 



patent rights kept him almost poor, and has- 

 tened his death. In 1909 a centennial celebra- 

 tion of the launching of the Clermont was 

 held, and an exact model of that boat steamed 

 slowly up the Hudson. 



Consult Knox's Life of Robert Fulton; Thurs- 

 ton's Robert Fulton: His Life and Its Results. 



FUMIGATION, jumiga'shun, the act of 

 applying fumes or smoke for various purposes, 

 such as the disinfection of clothes or houses. 

 The agents that are generally employed for 

 this purpose are sulphur, formaldehyde and 

 chlorine gas. Sulphurous gases, formerly used 

 as disinfectants, have irritating qualities, and 

 as they tarnish all silver and brass and have 

 an unpleasant odor they have been generally 

 superseded by formaldehyde solutions, which 

 cause no damage and are efficacious in de- 

 stroying infectious germs. In many large cities 

 the quarantine stations have established plants 

 for producing steam, which is used to obtain 

 sterilizing heat. After fumigation has taken 

 place the room should be kept closed for six 

 hours, then be thoroughly ventilated and 

 opened to sunlight. If an unpleasant odor 

 remains it may be dissipated by the use of 

 small open vessels filled with ammonia. Thor- 

 ough cleaning and sunning of rooms should 

 always accompany fumigation, as the latter 

 is not an infallible process. See DISINFECTANT; 

 FORMALDEHYDE. W.A.E. 



FUNDY, fun'di, BAY OF, an arm of the At- 

 lantic Ocean, separating the southern part of 





LOCATION MAP 



the Nova Scotia peninsula from New Bruns- 

 wick. It is 180 miles in length, with an average 

 breadth of thirty-five miles; at the mouth its 



breadth is forty-eight miles. At the head it 

 divides into two branches, that on the north 

 called Chignecto Bay, and the southern, Minas 



Channel, which gives entrance to Minas Basin 

 and Cobequid Bay. On its northern shore it 

 receives the waters of the Saint John and the 

 Saint Croix rivers, both of which form part 

 of the international boundary between New 

 Brunswick and the state of Maine. 



The bay is noted for its high tides, which 

 sometimes rise nearly sixty feet and cause 

 dangerous bores or tidal waves. There is a 

 general belief that the tides here are the high- 

 est in the world; this is an error, since they 

 reach equal heights in numerous other places. 

 Fogs are frequent in the bay and make naviga- 

 tion difficult. Passamaquoddy Bay, opening off 

 its western shore, is a magnificent natural har- 

 bor. The chief ports on the Bay of Fundy 

 are Moncton, Saint Andrews and Saint John 

 in New Brunswick; Annapolis and Digby in 

 Nova Scotia. At the entrance there are numer- 

 ous islands off the coasts of Maine, New 

 Brunswick and Nova Scotia. 



FUNGI, fun' ji, flowerless plants which have 

 no green coloring matter (chlorophyll) to help 

 them assimilate food, so they live on other 

 plants or' animals, either dead or alive. It has 

 been estimated that there are about 250,000 

 fungi, only about one-third of which have been 

 described. They grow everywhere in water 

 and in and above the soil. Some are so small 

 they cannot be seen with the naked eye ; others 

 are threadlike, and some, like the toadstools, 

 grow as high as two feet. 



There are two general classes of fungi; one 

 comprises those which live on dead or decaying 

 things, known as the saprophyte fungi; the 

 other is the parasite fungi, which grow on liv- 

 ing plants or animals. Some species, including 

 the mushrooms and truffles, are edible; others 

 are used in medicine and the arts, and all are 

 beneficial in that they turn plant matter back 

 into soil. But many species are very destruc- 

 tive ; among these are the smuts, rusts, mildews 

 and molds. Many others cause diseases in 

 man and animals. See page 2350 for illustra- 

 tions. 



Related Subjects. The reader Is referred to 

 the following articles In these volumes : 



Bacteria and Rust 



Bacteriology Smut 



Mildew Yeast 

 Mushroom 



FUNGICIDES, funji'sydz. See INSECTI- 

 CIDES AND FUNGICIDES. 



FUNSTON, fun'stun, FREDERICK (1865-1917), 

 major-general of the United States army, sea- 

 soned veteran and modern military hero. He 



