GARIBALDI 



2393 



GARLAND 



sity Club building in Chicago, called the most 

 perfect Gothic structure in America, is built 

 with gargoyles on its upper corners, represent- 

 ing weird animal heads. 



GARIBALDI, gah re bahl'de, GIUSEPPE (1807- 

 1882), a patriot and military hero of the strug- 

 gle that freed Italy from foreign rule and 

 gave it a place among the modern nations of 

 Europe. In his youth and early manhood he 

 followed the life 

 of a sailor, but at 

 the age of twenty- 

 six came under 

 the influence of 

 Giuseppe M a z - 

 zini (which see) 

 and other young 

 enthusiasts of the 

 liberation move- 

 ment, and he 

 thereupon ' dedi- 

 cated his life to GARIBALDI 

 that cause. Condemned to death in 1834 be- 

 cause of his share in an unsuccessful outbreak 

 in Genoa, he fled to France and soon after- 

 wards made his way to South America. There 

 he won fame as a brilliant leader in the strug- 

 gle of the new republic of Uruguay against 

 Argentina. 



In 1848 the news of the uprising of the 

 Northern Italians against Austria brought him 

 back to his country to give heroic but inef- 

 fectual service in a struggle that left Italy still 

 in the hands of an oppressor. When this rev- 

 olution failed, Garibaldi took refuge in Genoa, 

 later reaching Tunis, and after that emigrating 

 to the United States. During the next few 

 years he revisited South America, and for a 

 time had command of an American trading 

 vessel on the Pacific coast. In 1854 he re- 

 turned to Europe, settling on a small farm on 

 the island of Caprera, in the Mediterranean 

 Sea. 



In 1859, when the Italians again struck for 

 liberty under the standard of the king of Sar- 

 dinia, Garibaldi began the most momentous 

 period of his career. His brilliant and effective 

 services of that year were continued in 1860 

 in a spectacular conquest of the island of 

 Sicily, which he wrested from the king of 

 Naples with the aid of a band of volunteers. 

 This victory was followed by his triumphal 

 march into the city of Naples (see SICILIES, 

 KINGDOM OF THE Two). In the words of an 

 eminent historian (Myers), "The adventurous 

 daring of the hero Garibaldi changed the king- 



dom of Sardinia into the kingdom of Italy." 

 He then resigned his command to the Sardin- 

 ian king, Victor Emmanuel, and retired to his 

 island farm. 



Garibaldi, however, was still far from sat- 

 isfied with what had been accomplished, and 

 his impatience to see the city of Rome again 

 the capital of Italy led him to make two at- 

 tempts to capture it. In his second invasion 

 of the Papal States, in 1867, he was defeated 

 by French troops who came to the aid of the 

 Pope, and was made a prisoner. Later he was 

 permitted to return to his island home. 



On the outbreak of the Franco-German War 

 in 1870 he took command of a company of 

 French volunteers in Burgundy, and at the end 

 of the war was elected a member of the French 

 Assembly. Meantime he saw the fufilment 

 of his hopes in the complete unification of 

 Italy, with the Eternal City the national seat 

 of government (see ITALY, subtitle History). 

 He performed his last public service as a 

 member of the Italian Parliament, to which 

 he was elected in 1874. See, also, VICTOR 

 EMMANUEL II. 



Consult Henty's Out with Garibaldi; Trevel- 

 yan's Garibaldi and the Making of Italy. 



GARLAND, HAMLIN (1860- ), an Amer- 

 ican novelist and poet, whose realistic pictures 

 of Western life present a different West from 

 the romantic country of lawlessness and pic- 

 turesque wildness about which so many authors 

 have written. His 

 stories are of the 

 new West, an 

 empire that was 

 carved slowly out 

 of the American 

 wilderness. 



M ain-T rav- 

 eled Roads is a 

 book of six Mis- 

 sissippi Valley 

 stories, written in 

 Garland's happi- 

 est style. His 

 volume of twelve essays, entitled Crumbling 

 Idols, deals chiefly with literature, painting 

 and the drama. The story Up the Coule has 

 been described by critics as a "little picture 

 worthy of Millet" a story centered around a 

 farm in a valley. 



Garland took an active part in the experi- 

 ences he recounts. ' When he was ten years old 

 he plowed seventy acres of land. Half of 

 his early life was spent on horseback and in 



HAMLIN GARLAND 



