GARLIC 



2394 



GARNET 



the meadows. Many recollections of his days 

 on the farm are found in the volume of verse 

 entitled Prairie Songs. Harpers Weekly pub- 

 lished his first poem, Lost in the Norther, and 

 paid him $25.00 for it. Cavanagh, one of his 

 latest books, is a novel dealing with the con- 

 servation of forests. The introduction was 

 written by Gifford Pinchot, one of America's 

 chief advocates of conservation. 



Hamlin Garland was born in the LaCrosse 

 Valley in Wisconsin, in September, 1860. When 

 he was seven years old his parents moved to 

 Winneshiek County, Iowa, and it was there 

 that the author got his first vivid impressions 

 of Nature. Among his novels not named above 

 are The Rose of Dutcher's Coolly, The Eagle's 

 Heart and Captain of the Gray Horse Troop. 

 Besides his novels, verses and criticisms, his 

 sympathetic biography of Ulysses S. Grant 

 occupies a prominent place in literature. Mr. 

 Garland married Miss Zuleme Taft of Chicago, 

 who has achieved some fame as a sculptor. 



GARLIC, gar'lik, is a well-known seasoning 

 with many valuable properties, but its strong, 

 penetrating odor makes its wide use undesir- 

 able, and it has no food value. In Spain and 

 among the Italians it forms a part of almost 

 every dish. Like the 

 onion, garlic is very 

 easy to cultivate and 

 is raised from the 

 smaller edible bulbs, or 

 cloves. The leaves of 

 the plant are grasslike, 

 like those of the onion, 

 only not hollow. The 

 stem grows about two 

 feet high and bears 

 white flowers. Wild 

 garlic, sometimes called 

 wild onion, is a pink- 

 flowered pest in pas- 

 tures in Eastern Amer- 

 ica, for it imparts a 

 very disagreeable flavor 

 and odor to dairy prod- 

 ucts. 



Garlic has been used 

 from the earliest times. 

 It is mentioned in the 

 Old Testament as being part of the food fur- 

 nished the builders of the Pyramids. The 

 juice of the garlic is also used as a cement for 

 mending glass. 



GARNEAU, gar no', FRANCOIS XAVIER (1809- 

 1866), a French-Canadian historian, the author 



GARLIC 

 As offered for sale. 



of one of the standard histories of Canada. 

 He was born in the city of Quebec, attended 

 the Quebec Seminary, and from 1844 to 1864 

 was clerk of the local municipal council. His 

 history of Canada, though it had an immense 

 success when it first appeared in 1845, is occa- 

 sionally marred by lack of sufficient data and 

 is throughout a defense of the French-Cana- 

 dians rather than an impartial account of the 

 past. Yet its distinction of style has made it 

 live, and if for nothing else it is important as 

 the first great attempt in literature to stim- 

 ulate racial self-respect among the French- 

 Canadians. Garneau's son, Alfred (1836-1904), 

 is remembered for a volume of poems remark- 

 able both for form and for delicacy of feeling. 



In 1917 his history of Canada' was being 

 edited and revised by his grandson, Hector 

 Garneau, chief librarian of the new library at 

 Montreal. G.H.L. 



GAR 'NET, a beautiful semi-precious stone 

 which usually shades from deep red into brown 

 or black, although some varieties are yellow 

 and brilliant green. Dana, an authority on min- 

 erals, divides the different varieties of garnets 

 into three groups, according to their compo- 

 sition; these are aluminum garnets, iron gar- 

 nets and calcium-chromium garnets. In the 

 first class are the brilliant, deep-red stones, 

 called pyropes, or Bohemian garnets, which 

 were first found in Bohemia, but now come 

 from the Kimberley mines in South Africa and 

 from parts of New Mexico and Arizona, where 

 they are misnamed "Arizona rubies." The 

 almandite, or common red garnet, belongs in 

 this class, too, and is found in parts of North 

 Carolina and Idaho and in India. These two, 

 the pyrope and the almandite, the birthstones 

 of January, are the red garnets used in jew- 

 elry, and are the most valuable, being worth 

 about two dollars a carat. 



Many of the iron garnets are yellow shading 

 into brown, red or green, and are found in 

 numerous mountain ranges. The calcium- 

 chromium garnets, which are emerald-green 

 in color, are found in Siberia and some parts 

 of Canada. Some varieties are not as hard as 

 quartz, while others are much harder. The}' 

 are found in slates, granite and limestone, and 

 sometimes in lava beds. 



The ordinary garnets, which are of little 

 value, are frequently ground and used in pol- 

 ishing and cutting other stones, while crushed 

 garnets are sometimes used instead of sand in 

 making sandpaper. About 4,000 tons of gar- 

 nets of low quality are mined in New York 



