GLANDERS 



2505 



GLANDS 



1865 he became the Liberal leader in the House 

 of Commons, and three years later began his 

 first term as Prime Minister. In 1869 he car- 

 ried his bill for the disestablishment of the 

 Irish Church, and in 1870 a bill for the reform 

 of the Irish land system was passed. At this 

 time, also, a system of public schools for the 

 poorer classes was established, and the use of 

 the ballot in voting was introduced. In 1874 

 the Conservatives regained their power, and 

 Gladstone was succeeded in the Premiership 

 by Disraeli. 



Gladstone again came into prominence as a 

 severe critic of the foreign policy of the Con- 

 servative Ministry, and in 1880, when the 

 country was carried by the Liberals, he became 

 Prime Minister a second time. During his 

 second Ministry, which ended in 1885, about 

 2,000,000 new voters were given suffrage rights, 

 and a fairer arrangement of Parliamentary 

 districts was effected. Meanwhile, the move- 

 ment for Irish Home Rule was making great 

 progress, and when Gladstone became Premier 

 for the third time, in 1886, he announced that 

 Home Rule was to be a feature of the Liberal 

 program. In April of that year the first Home 

 Rule bill was introduced into Parliament. 

 When it failed to pass in the House of Com- 

 mons, Parliament was dissolved and in the 

 resulting elections the Liberals were defeated. 

 In 1892 the tide again turned and Gladstone 

 took up for the fourth and last time the duties 

 of the Premiership. In 1893 his second Home 

 Rule bill passed in the House of Commons 

 but was rejected by the House of Lords, and 

 a year later, at the age of eighty-five, he laid 

 aside the burdens of public life. Gladstone 

 was the author of several books, among which 

 are Gleanings from Past Years and Studies on 

 Homer and the Homeric Age. B.M.W. 



Consult Bryce's Gladstone: His Characteristics 

 as Man and Statesman; Paul's The Life of W. E. 

 Gladstone. 



Related Subjects. The following articles In 

 these volumes will throw light on Gladstone's 

 activities, and on the history of the times in 

 which he lived : 



Budget Liberal 



Chancellor Premier 



Conservative Tory 



Disraeli, Benjamin Victoria 



Home Rule 



GLANDERS, glan'derz, a violent, infectious 

 disease to which horses, asses and mules are 

 liable, but which only occasionally attacks 

 cattle, sheep and pigs. The disease was com- 

 mon among horses in 'the days of the ancient 



Romans, and no certain remedies have been 

 discovered, even to the present day. The mi- 

 crobe which causes the disease was discov- 

 ered in 1882. Various tests have been adopted 

 by which to ascertain the presence of glan- 

 ders; the injection of mallein, a substance 

 prepared from the glanders bacillus, is the 

 most effective test. It has no effect on a 

 healthy animal, but if glanders be present a 

 rise of temperature occurs. 



In a chronic form the disease is easily dis- 

 tinguished. It usually begins with the forma- 

 tion of ulcers on the neck, shoulders and inside 

 of the thighs. The nostrils discharge an offen- 

 sive pus from the lungs, high fever sets in and 

 death frequently results in from ten days to 

 three or four weeks. The affected animal may 

 live for years, however, with intermittent at- 

 tacks, causing infection which may destroy 

 hundreds of other horses. The chronic stage 

 is known as farcy; but even in its milder state 

 glanders proves almost equally infectious and 

 destructive. To prevent its spread it is neces- 

 sary to kill the afflicted animal and thor- 

 oughly disinfect stables, harness and every- 

 thing with which it has come in contact. Dogs, 

 cats and wild animals may contract the dis- 

 ease by eating the flesh of glandered horses, 

 and men have been known to contract glanders 

 by being brought in contact with infected ani- 

 mals. 



Consult Bureaj^-of Animal Industries Bulletin 

 136, United States Department of Agriculture, en- 

 titled "Various Methods for the Diagnosis of 

 Glanders." 



GLANDS j glandz, are specially-formed parts 

 of the body, consisting of peculiar cells which 

 manufacture or separate from the blood spe- 

 cial substances which may be discharged from 

 the body or be utilized for various purposes. 



There are three varieties : digestive, or stom- 

 ach glands, giving out digestive juice; secret- 

 ing,, or manufacturing glands, including the 

 sweat, milk and oil glands ;, and protective 

 glands, which absorb from the blood the poi- 

 son of disease, thus cleansing the blood and 

 protecting the body. 



The digestive glands begin in the mouth 

 and pour out a fluid (saliva) which changes 

 starches into sugars; therefore food should be 

 well chewed to give the digestive process a 

 good start. In the stomach are those diges- 

 tive glands (peptic and pyloric) which, aided 

 by the churning action of the muscular walls 

 of the stomach, pour their digestive fluid on 

 the food, causing further changes; the partly- 



