GRAMMAR 



25.57 



GRANADA 



making it read ''Napoleon defeated Welling- 

 ton," or ''Wellington Napoleon defeated;" we 

 either change the meaning entirely or leave 

 it a matter of doubt. The study of syntax 

 is therefore essential to teach the relations of 

 words and their proper order for the clear 

 expression of thought. 



Beginning with a model of a simple de- 

 clarative sentence, the student of grammar 

 learns to separate it, first, into its essential 

 subject and essential predicate, and then to 

 analyze in further detail, indicating the object 

 or the complement of the verb, and the various 

 modifiers of subject and predicate. Following 

 the same grammatical principles on which such 

 a sentence was constructed, the student then 

 builds sentences of his own. The next step is 

 the mastery of simple interrogative and im- 

 perative sentences learning the special ar- 

 rangement and forms that are used to ask 

 questions or give commands. From this point 

 he proceeds to a study of the order which is to 

 be observed in complex and compound sen- 

 tences, declarative, interrogative and impera- 

 tive. 



Modern Tendencies. The grammar of our 

 language is always tending in the direction of 

 greater simplicity fewer distinctions and more 

 liberal application of grammatical rules in 

 everyday speech, so as to give greater freedom 

 to colloquial language. "A grammarless 

 tongue," English is often called, and so it 

 seems when compared with German, Latin and 

 the various Romance languages founded upon 

 Latin; for these are all less advanced than 

 English and consequently far more complicated 

 in their grammar. 



As explained in the article on gender, dis- 

 tinctive forms for the feminine gender are 

 being employed less and less. The subjunctive 

 mode has almost disappeared from use except 

 in a few common constructions. The long, 

 involved sentences which characterized the 

 older writers have gone out of style, giving 

 way to a large extent to short, crisp sentences, 

 easy to construct and easy to comprehend. 

 It is small wonder, then, in view of its mar- 

 velous flexibility and the unequaled simplicity 

 of its grammar, that English is to-day more 

 widely spoken than any other language of a 

 civilized race. L.M.B. 



Textbooks on grammar may be secured from 

 any of the schoolbook publishing houses. Consult 

 Tucker's Introduction to the Natural History of 

 Language. 



Related SiilijcctN. The above article aims to 

 merely a general treatment of the subject, 



but the following articles in these volumes give 

 specific information on all the more important 

 phases of grammar : , 



Adjective Mode 



Adverb Noun 



Article Parsing 



Case Participle 



Climax Parts of Speech 



Comparison Person 



Conjugation Preposition 



Conjunction Pronoun 



Declension Punctuation 



Etymology Quotation Marks 



Gender Sentence 



Infinitive Syntax 



Inflection Tense 



Interjection Verb 



GRAM'PIAN HILLS, a mountain mass in 

 Scotland, extending across the country from 

 southwest to northeast, south of the Cale- 

 donian Canal, forming a natural barrier be- 

 tween the Scottish Lowlands and the High- 

 lands. The system, which does not consist of 

 one range, but a series of spurs, covers portions 

 of the shires of Dumbarton, Argyll, Stirling. 

 Perth, Forfar, Kincardine, Aberdeen, Banff and 

 Inverness. The highest peaks are Ben Nevis, 

 the loftiest in the British Isles, 4,406 feet; Ben 

 Macdhui, 4.296 feet ; Ben Lomond, Cairngorm 

 and Cairntoul. The hills are crossed by three 

 railways and contain many passes affording 

 views of some of the most romantic scenery 

 in Scotland. From the northern slopes flow 

 the rivers Findhorn, Dee, Don and Spey, and 

 to the southward are the Forth, Tay and Esk, 

 with numerous tributaries. In some parts of 

 the mountains are large deer forests, where the 

 game is carefully preserved for the sport of 

 deerstalking. The mountains are largely of 

 granite formation, and great quantities of the 

 stone are quarried for building purposes. The 

 name Grampians is derived from a misreading 

 of Mons Graupius, where the Caledonians were 

 defeated by Agricola in A. D. 84. 



GRAM 'PUS, a species of dolphin having a 

 spindle-shaped body. Its color is slaty-gray, 

 streaked with white. Several varieties are 

 found in the northern ocean and in the Medi- 

 terranean' Sea. The common grampus, or cow- 

 fish, is sometimes twenty feet long, is slow in 

 its movements and peaceful in its habits. The 

 name is loosely applied to almost any marine 

 animal too large to be called a porpoise and 

 too small to be termed a whale. 



GRANADA, granah'da, formerly a Moorish 

 kingdom in Spain, but now divided into the 

 three modern provinces of Granada, Almeria 

 and Malaga. Its area is 11,128 square miles, 

 which makes it slightly smaller than Maryland 



