GRAND REMONSTRANCE 



.small berries. Chicago, Cincinnati, Saint Louis ' 

 and even New York buy winter lettuce in 

 Grand Rapids. One very popular variety of 

 winter lettuce which originated here has been 

 given the name of the city. 



History. An Ottawa Indian village for many 

 years occupied the present site of the city. 

 A Baptist mission for the Indians was estab- 

 lished there in 1824. A trading post and saw- 

 mill were built later and the settlement became 

 a town in 1834. It was incorporated as a vil- 

 lage in 1838, and chartered as a city in 1850. 

 The commission plan of government became 

 effective in 1917. The waterworks plant is 

 owned by the city. L.H.B. 



GRAND REMON' STRANGE, a document 

 presented to Charles I of England by the 

 House of Commons in 1641, setting forth the 

 grievances which they had against him. The 

 outbreak of the Irish rebellion and the rumored 

 intrigues of the king with the Earl of Montrose 

 incited the Puritan party to call him to ac- 

 count. On November 22, while the king was 

 in Scotland, the Commons adopted the Grand 

 Remonstrance by a majority of eleven, after a 

 heated debate. The document enumerated acts 

 of misgovernment extending over the king's 

 entire reign, such as the levying of forced loans 

 and the abuses of the courts of Star Chamber 

 and High Commission. 



Charles I ridiculed the Remonstrance and 

 refused to take it seriously. On December 10 

 he issued a proclamation on religion as an indi- 

 rect reply, and on December 23 sent an evasive 

 answer to the manifesto. On January 3, 1642, 

 he sent his attorney-general to impeach the 

 five leaders of the Opposition responsible for 

 the Remonstrance before the House of Lords. 

 This act was one of the causes of the "civil 

 war in England which resulted in the execution 

 of the king in 1649 and the establishment of the 

 Commonwealth, under Oliver Cromwell. See 

 COMMONWEALTH OF ENGLAND. 



GRANGE, gray n j, the popular name for the 

 Patrons of Husbandry, a secret order in the 

 United States, which was organized in the 

 interests of agriculture but which developed 

 political power because of its numerical 

 strength. In 1866 the government sent O. H. 

 Kelley, of the staff of the Department of Agri- 

 culture, to report on agricultural conditions in 

 the South and to devise means of improving 

 them. He found the farmers very poor, back- 

 ward and discouraged. In December, 1867, he 

 organized the National Grange of Patrons of 

 Industry. The local- bodies were called 



GRANITE 



and each .state had n< state grange. In 187;; 

 there were over 10,000 granges in the Unite. I 

 States, and in 1875 its membership was 1,500,- 

 000, distributed through every state in the 

 Union. 



The influence of the grange was potent in 

 reducing railroad rates, abolishing tru>ts, fu- 

 tures, etc. The most important fruits of th. 

 order were the organization of the Department 

 of Agriculture as a. Cabinet office, the act for 

 founding experiment stations and the Inter- 

 state Commerce Commission. The political 

 element finally took separate shape under tin 

 Farmers' Alliance and the Populist Party, aftei 

 diminishing its own influence by poor manage- 

 ment. 



GRANITE, one of the most widely known 

 and popular building stones, is crystallized rock 

 composed of three common minerals, quart/., 

 feldspar and mica, -each of which is easily dis- 

 tinguished in the rock. Take a piece of granite 

 and examine it carefully. One part looks like 

 glass; this is the quartz. Surrounding the 

 glasslike particles is a substance with a pearU 

 luster; this is the feldspar. Scattered all 

 through the rock are flat, shiny crystal.- that 

 can be split with a knife-blade into very thin 

 pieces; these crystals constitute the mica. 



We usually think of granite as a gray rock, 

 but it may be of almost any color, from neai 1\ 

 white to black. When both the feldspar and 

 the mica are white, the granite is a light gray. 

 If the mica is-Wack, we have a dark gray. If 

 the feldspar is of any shade of red, we have a 

 red granite. If the feldspar is green, the 

 granite is greenish in tint. 



Granite is extensively used in the construc- 

 tion of buildings, for piers of bridges, walls 

 of dams, and wherever great strength and 

 durability are required. It has also alnioM 

 entirely replaced marble for headstones and 

 monuments. It takes a high polish, and is one 

 of the most beautiful stones used in the art.-. 

 It weighs about 167 pounds to the cubit- toot 

 and will withstand a pressure of from 5,000 

 to 20,000 pounds to the square inch without 

 crushing. It is more difficult to quarry and 

 work than limestone or sandstone, but the in- 

 vention of stone-cutting machinery now makes 

 it available for all purposes. One of Chicago's 

 largest structures, the People's Gas Building, 

 contains eighteen massive granite columns, 

 highly polished, each weighing thirty-one tons 

 and costing $10,000. 



Granite is quarried in practically every stair 

 crossed by the Appalachian Mountains, and in 



