GREEN 



2615 



GREENBACKS 



fade quickly when exposed to the sun. Sec 

 colored chart, in article COLOR. 



Because green is the color of growing and 

 immature plants, the term is occasionally ap- 

 plied to persons. When so used green means 

 lacking in knowledge and experience. The city 

 hoy says the country boy is green because he 

 does not know city ways, but when 'the city 

 hoy visits his country cousin he is just as 

 green on the farm as the cousin is on the 

 streets of a great city. 



GREEN, ANNA KATHARINE. See ROHLFS, 

 ANNA KATHARINE GREEN. 



GREEN, HETTY HOWLAND ROBINSON (1835- 

 1916), an American financier, at the time of 

 her death the richest woman in America. She 

 was born at New Bedford, Mass., and was edu- 

 cated at Mrs. Lowell's School in Boston. In 

 1865 her father died, leaving her a large for- 

 tune, and two years later she married Edward 

 H. Green of New York, who died in 1902. 

 Though accounted to be the world's greatest 

 woman financier, her manner of living was 

 simple in the extreme. There was scarcely a 

 colossal corporation or business enterprise of 

 great importance anywhere in the world in her 

 day in which she did not have an interest, and 

 her real estate holdings in Chicago, New York 

 and other cities were enormous. Her business, 

 as well as her property, always remained under 

 her personal management. 



Edward H. Green, born in 1868, only son of 

 Hetty Green, has achieved success in railroad 

 enterprises in the Southwest, particularly in 

 Texas. 



GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837-1883), an Eng- 

 lish historian, was born at Oxford and gradu- 

 ated from Magdalen College, in that city, in 

 1859. His first important historical work, A 

 Short History of the English People, while not 

 absolutely authentic in detail, presents a vivid 

 panorama of the past, and is the basis of his 

 enduring fame. Its publication met with im- 

 mediate success, and it was later expanded into 

 his great History of the English People. His 

 second book, The Making of England, was 

 a more scholarly but less popular piece of 

 work. This was followed by Stray Studies in 

 England and Italy, a collection of essays. His 

 Conquest of England was published by his 

 widow after his death. 



GREEN 'AW AY, KATE (1846-1901), an Eng- 

 lish illustrator of books for children, famous 

 the world over and appreciated by young and 

 old, for the quaint charm, simplicity and deli- 

 cate humor of her sketefies. Her subjects aro 



mainly flowers and landscape. She also wrote 

 verses to accompany her drawings. Among 

 her most successful works arc Under the Win- 

 dow, A Painting Book of Kate Greenaway, 

 Mother Goose, Language of Flowers and Katr 

 drcoiawayx' Almanac*. John Ruskin and 

 leading art critics everywhere have praised 

 highly the works of this lover of children. 



GREENBACK PARTY. As a result of an 

 excessive issue of greenbacks by the Govern- 

 ment of the United States during the War of 

 Secession and in the years immediately fol- 

 lowing, money was "cheap" (see MONEY), and 

 prices were correspondingly high. Agricultural 

 products and manufactured articles sold for 

 more than for years previously, and it was 

 urged that this was due to the plentiful sup- 

 ply of greenbacks; the opinion was doubtless 

 strengthened by the fact that payment was 

 nearly always made in that form of money. 

 A close money market resulted from the panic 

 of 1873, and the advocates of "cheap money" 

 believed that a new issue of greenbacks would 

 restore prosperity, especially to the farmers. 

 Money which could be issued in unlimited 

 quantities and which could be used in pay- 

 ment of all debts seemed a cure for every 

 financial evil. 



A national political organization was formed 

 by those favoring unlimited use of this paper 

 currency, and naturally it was called the 

 Greenback party. The Greenbackers' platform 

 demanded the withdrawal of all bank currency 

 from circulation, that henceforth no currency 

 should be circulated except government paper 

 (greenbacks) ".based on the faith and resources 

 of the nation" (which meant fiat money), and 

 that gold and silver should be used in pay- 

 ment of interest and principal on government 

 bonds only where it was promised. The party 

 held a national convention in 1876 and placed 

 a Presidential candidate, Peter Cooper, in the 

 field ; it polled nearly 82,000 votes, but secured 

 no Electoral votes. In 1880 alliance was made 

 with the Greenback-Labor party. See FIAT 

 MONEY; POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE UMTKD 

 STATES. 



GREEN 'BACKS, the paper money of the 

 United States government, not including tin- 

 gold and silver certificates, known as treasury 

 notes. Greenbacks, so called because of their 

 color, were first issued in 1862 to finance war 

 operations. Until 1879 they were merely prom- 

 ises of the United States to pay, and were 

 unsecured by metal money; at one time, when 

 confidence in the government was slight, they 



