GRENADE 



2622 



GRENOBLE 



But his reign is of general interest chiefly be- 

 cause of his reform of the calendar, the 

 Reformed or Gregorian calendar in use to-day 

 dating from his time. See CALENDAR. G.W.M. 



GRENADE, grcnayd', a small explosive 

 bomb, formerly used in war by specially 

 trained men called grenadiers. It usually con- 

 sisted of a hollow ball of metal filled with gun- 

 powder and exploded by a fuse or percussion 

 cap. Grenades were extensively used in the 

 seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, but dur- 

 ing the nineteenth century were regarded as 

 useless and obsolete. The war between Japan 

 and Russia in 1904 saw a revival of these 

 weapons, which were used with deadly effect 

 during the siege of Port Arthur. In the War 

 of the Nations, which began in 1914, grenades 

 were important weapons in trench warfare and 

 were used by all the armies engaged. When 

 filled with modern explosives they are found 

 to be very effective. To-day grenades are 

 made of steel tubes rilled with guncotton, 

 nitroglycerine, picric acid or other explosives, 

 and are thrown by hand or discharged by cata- 

 pults into the trenches or into the ranks of 

 opposing forces. 



GRENADIER, grenadeer' , originally one of 

 a body of soldiers specially trained in the use 

 of grenades, or bombs. Such weapons had 

 been in use long before it was found neces- 

 sary to organize special companies of grenade 

 throwers, and a few years later full companies 

 in each company of the King's Regiment of 

 the army of France were trained as grenade 

 throwers, and a few years later full companies 

 of grenadiers were formed. England quickly 

 followed the example set by France, and it 

 gradually spread to all European armies. The 

 grenadiers were picked men, usually the tall- 

 est in the regiment, and they wore a distinc- 

 tive headdress consisting of a loose fur cap 

 with a peak and with ear flaps. This head- 

 dress has now developed into the high bear- 

 skin hat of the British Grenadier Guards and 

 other regiments, but this is worn only on 

 parade. 



GRENFELL, SIR WILFRED THOMASON (1865- 

 ) , the guiding genius of Labrador. Whether 

 he is acting in the capacity of medical mis- 

 sionary, clergyman, judge, doctor, policeman 

 or volunteer postman, he performs his duties 

 with a vigor and enthusiasm that has made 

 his influence felt in every part of Newfound- 

 land and Labrador. 



Brought up in an influential English family, 

 for he was born near Chester and was educated 



WILFRED T. GRENFELL 

 The "good angel" of Labrador 



at Oxford and at, London Hospital, he finds in 

 Labrador "the joy of the opportunity of serv- 

 ice." In 1889, under the auspices of the Royal 

 National Mission to Deep Sea Fishermen, he 

 fitted out a hos- 

 pital ship and 

 accompanied the 

 fishermen of the 

 North Sea on 

 their cruises from 

 the Bay of Bis- 

 cay to Iceland. 

 After three years 

 in the work there, 

 he began his ac- 

 tivities in Labra- 

 dor. Along the 

 coast of Saint An- 

 thony, at Battle 

 Harbor and Har- 

 rington Harbor in Newfoundland, and at In- 

 dian Harbor in Labrador, he built hospitals, 

 each of which is the home of a resident doctor 

 and nurse. The mission headquarters are at 

 Saint Anthony, where Dr. Grenfell lives; here 

 also he established an orphanage. 



His little hospital ship, the Strathcona, is 

 his summer home, and in June of each year 

 he starts on his cruise along 1,500 miles of a 

 bleak, inhospitable coast, and he goes ashore 

 at the scattered villages. He gives the royal- 

 ties from his books Adrift on a Pack of Ice, 

 Off the Rocks, Labrador and Down to the Sea 

 and the income from his lectures, as well as 

 the best of his mind and life to the fisherfolk 

 of Labrador. In 1909 he married Anna Eliza- 

 beth MacClanahan of Chicago, 111. R.D.M. 



GRENOBLE, grenno'b'l, one of the strong- 

 est fortresses in France, the capital of the De- 

 partment of Isere, seventy-five miles southeast 

 of Lyons. It is beautifully situated in the 

 valley of the Isere River, surrounded by hills 

 and divided, by the river into an ancient and 

 a modern city. The manufactures consist of 

 gloves, of which about 800,000 dozen pairs are 

 produced annually, cement, liquors, straw hats, 

 furniture and leather. In the beautiful church 

 of Saint Andre is the monument of Bayard, 

 the knight "without fear and without reproach" 

 (see BAYARD, PIEHRE DU TERRAIL). Grenoble 

 occupies the site of the ancient town of Cularo, 

 the name of which was changed to Gratian- 

 opolis by Gratian, who fortified it in the fourth 

 century. Population in 1911, 77,438, of whom 

 more than 18,000 were engaged in the glove 

 industries. 



