GUERNSEY 



2635 



GUILD 



t urics. These terms are corruptions of the 

 German Welj and Waiblingen, party designa- 

 tions in Germany, said to have been used first 

 in 1140 as battle cries in the battle of Weius- 

 berg between the Welfs of Bavaria and the 

 imperial line of Hohenstaufens, to whom be- 

 longed the estate of Waiblingen. In Italy, the 

 names acquired a different meaning: the 

 (Juolphs referring to the Italian patriotic party, 

 which demanded an Italy freed from German 

 interference; the Ghibellines, the imperial 

 party, which supported the domination of the 

 German emperors in Italy. These factions 

 came into prominence in the Lombard League 

 of 1167. 



To give a full account of the quarrels of 

 Guelphs and Ghibellines would embrace the 

 history of medieval Italy. After the fall of the 

 Hohenstaufens (which see) the Ghibellines 

 became the representatives of the aristocracy, 

 and the Guelphs were the partisans of democ- 

 racy and liberty. At the beginning of the fif- 

 teenth century the rivalry began to die out 

 gradually, and came in time to denote mere 

 family feuds. 



GUERNSEY, gurn' zi, the second in size and 

 most western of the Channel Islands, belonging 

 to Great Britain and lying fifty-one miles south 

 of the mainland at Portland. It is especially 

 noted for its fine breed of cattle called Guern- 

 sey, the name of which was derived from the 

 island (see CATTLE). The area of the island is 

 about twenty-five square miles and the soil is 

 unusually fertile. Wheat, barley, oranges, figs, 

 melons, grapes and apples are extensively 

 grown. Lines of steamers ply between Guern- 

 sey and Southampton, Plymouth, Weymouth 

 and Cherbourg, and exports of agricultural 

 products, fresh flowers and fisheries are heavy. 

 The capital is Saint Peter Port, which is, except 

 Saint Sampson, the only town on the island. 

 Although the island is English, French is the 

 prevailing language, for it was deeply-rooted 

 when the Channel Islands were under the rule 

 of France prior to 1204. The population of 

 Guernsey is about 43,000, which is about one- 

 lialf that of the Channel Island grouf See 

 CHANNEL ISLANDS. 



GUIDO OF AREZZO, ah ret' so (about 990- 

 Libout 1050), is called by many the father of 

 modern music. He invented, or for the first 

 lime systematically used, the lines of the staff 

 and the intervals between them, and thus fixed 

 the principle of modern musical notation. He 

 also introduced the names of the first six notes 

 of the scale ut, re. mi. fa. sol. la; these are 



the first syllables of M\ lines oi' a hymn 

 addressed to Saint John the BaptM. 



Guido was a Benedictine monk, and link- 

 is known of his life. The fame of his musical 

 invention drew the attention of Popes Benedict 

 VIII and John XIX, who invited him to Rome 

 and did much to popularize the new system 

 He left writings explaining his musical doc- 

 trines. 



GUIDO RENI, (iia'doh m'n, (1575-1&12). 

 master in the Bolognese (Italian) school- of 

 painting, and. generally known as GriDo. was 

 born at Calvenzano, near Bologna. His father, 

 a musician of repute, desired to bring up his 

 son to perform on the harpsichord, but at a 

 very childish age Guido displayed his deter- 

 mination to devote himself to painting. At 

 the a'ge of nine he began his studies, and so 

 rapid was his progress that when hf became 

 thirteen he already had won an enviable repu- 

 tation. 



Guido is particularly distinguished for the 

 gentleness and sweetness of his characters and 

 for his harmonious style of execution, although 

 strength and originality are somewhat lacking, 

 as is evidenced in his masterpiece, Phoebux and 

 the Hours Preceded by Aurora. After the com- 

 pletion of this work so great was the demand 

 for his art that he was obliged to refuse many 

 commissions. Among his other admired paint- 

 ings are his Niobe group, the Venus de' Medici, 

 Israelites Gathering Manna, Lot ami UK 

 Daughters, and^Fortime, an allegorical picture 

 several times repeated and found at Berlin, in 

 the Capitol at Rome, and in the Louvre in 

 Paris. He also left many etchings executed 

 with much grace and freedom. 



GUILD, gild. Perhaps the most intere-tnii: 

 phase of the study of history is to observe how 

 the tendencies which man displays to-day were 

 shown in earlier times. There is no more strik- 

 ing example of an institution of the pa>t resem- 

 bling those of the present than the guild of the 

 Middle Ages. In the present age people form 

 societies for every conceivable purpose, for 

 business, for pleasure, for religion, for politics, 

 for mutual protection or advancement, for 

 advocating or protesting against legislation. 

 Considering the simpler state of political and 

 social organization which prevailed at the time, 

 the guilds were no less varied. We know them 

 best as societies of merchants and workmen, 

 but there were also religious guilds, military 

 guilds and social guilds. 



Merchants' Guilds. These organizations w. n 

 more important in England than elsewhere : they 



