GURNARD 



2643 



GUSTAVUS 



held on November 5, when it was the prac- 

 tice to burn Guy Fawkes in effigy. 



GUR'NARD, SEA ROBIN or GRUNT 'ER, 



names applied to a number of marine spiny 

 fishes, of which there are probably forty recog- 

 nized species. When taken out of the water 

 they emit a faint, grunting sound, hence their 

 name. The head is angular and entirely cov- 

 ered with bony plates ; the body is long, nearly 

 round, and tapering. The lower three rays of 

 the large side fins are semidetached, and are 

 used in seeking food as well as to assist move- 

 ment through the water. Many species are 

 remarkable for their beauty of color. In the 

 United States and Canada these fish are known 

 as sea robins, the most common . species being 

 found on the east coast from Nova Scotia to 

 South Carolina. The flying gurnard is found 

 on both coasts of the Atlantic. The flesh of 

 the European gray grunter is highly esteemed, 

 but that of the American variety is little used 

 for food. 



GUS'TAF V (1858- ), king of Sweden, 

 who came to the throne in December, 1907, at 

 the death of his father, Oscar II. He was born in 

 the castle at Drottningholm, entered the army 

 at the age of seventeen, and studied at the 

 University of Up- 

 sala. During the 

 years 1878 and 

 1879 he spent his 

 time traveling in 

 most of the coun- 

 tries of Europe. 

 In 1881 he mar- 

 ried Victoria, the 

 daughter of the 

 Grand Duke of 

 Baden, and they 

 have five sons. 

 From 1884 to 

 1891 he served as 

 regent of Nor- 

 way, during the 

 illness of his father, and in 1892 became lieu- 

 tenant-general. Several times, during his fath- 

 er's absence or illness, he acted as' regent, so 

 that he was well prepared to take up the royal 

 duties when he was called to the throne. In 

 1914 King Gustaf made a patriotic speech at a 

 mass meeting of 40,000 peasants in which he 

 advocated increased armament, thus arousing 

 criticism among the Liberals and Socialists, who 

 opposed his militaristic policy. In the War of 

 the Nations he sympathized with Germany, and 

 succeeded in keeping Sweden neutral. 



KING GUSTAF V 



GUSTA'VUS, the name borne by four kings 

 of Sweden, of whom the second, known as Gus- 

 tavus Adolphus, was particularly notable. 



Gustavus I (1496-1560), founder of the royal 

 House of Vasa, and king of Sweden from 1523 

 to 1560, is commonly known as GUSTAVUS VASA, 

 the name Vasa being derived from a device on 

 his coat of arms which resembled a vase. He 

 was the son of Erik Johansson, a Swedish noble- 

 man. At the age of eighteen Gustavus adopted 

 the cause of the Swedes who were fighting 

 for independence from Danish rule, and four 

 years later he was treacherously carried off by 

 the king of Denmark, with five other Swedish 

 hostages, and held a prisoner for over a year. 



Eventually he made his escape ; taking refuge 

 in the Swedish province of Dalecarlia he roused 

 the peasants of that district to resist the oppres- 

 sion of the Danes. At the head of the Swedish 

 forces he won many victories, and after the 

 capture of Upsala was proclaimed administrator 

 of the Swedish kingdom. Two years later, in 

 1523, the Swedish Diet declared the union of 

 Sweden and Denmark dissolved and proclaimed 

 Gustavus king. During his reign of forty years 

 Protestantism was established as the state re- 

 ligion, and the material prosperity of the coun- 

 try was greatly advanced. When he died 

 Sweden possessed a well-supplied treasury, a 

 standing army of 15,000 men and a good fleet. 



Gustavus II, better known as GUSTAVUS 

 ADOLPHUS (1594-1632), was the celebrated gen- 

 eral who turned the tide for the Protestants in 

 the Thirty Years' War (which see). He was 

 the grandson of Gustavus I, and succeeded his 

 father, Charles IX, in 1611, at a time when the 

 country was involved in wars with Denmark, 

 Russia and Poland. In bringing these wars to 

 a conclusion he won large tracts of territory for 

 Sweden, made his armies the most efficient in 

 Europe, and won for himself the title "Lion of 

 the North." 



Peace was declared in '1629, and the next 

 year, at the head of an army of 13,000, Gus- 

 tavus invaded Germany, where the Protestants 

 were facing defeat in the religious struggle 

 known as the Thirty Years' War. In 1631 he 

 defeated a Catholic army under Tilly at Brei- 

 tenfeld, and the following year overwhelmed 

 the forces of Wallenstein (which see) at Lutzen. 

 In this great battle he himself was mortally 

 wounded, but he had saved the cause of Prot- 

 estantism in Germany. A noble monument 

 now marks the spot where he died. During 

 the brief periods when Sweden was at peace, 



Gustavus Adolphus devoted himself to the 



