GUTENBERG 



2644 



GUTHRIE 



development of his country's commerce and 

 manufactures, and it was due to him that the 

 Scandinavian kingdom attained a supreme po- 

 sition among the nations of the North. 



Gustavus III (1746-1792) ascended the throne 

 in 1771, at a time when the country was 

 harassed by the rivalry of political parties and 

 by the misrule of the nobles. The sovereign 

 ut this period was merely a figurehead. Gus- 

 tuvus recovered the powers his predecessors had 

 lost by forcing the Diet to accept a new con- 

 stitution, but his reign was not distinguished in 

 other respects. A war with Russia, begun in 

 1788, resulted in nothing to his advantage. 

 Four years later he was shot at a masked ball 

 through a conspiracy of the nobles, who were 

 jealous of the powers which he had gained. 

 Gustavus III was a dramatist and poet of con- 

 siderable ability. 



Gustavus IV (1778-1837), also known as GUS- 

 TAVUS ADOLPHUS, was the son of Gustavus III, 

 whom he succeeded in 1792. He began his per- 

 sonal rule upon reaching legal age in 1800. His 

 reign was a series of follies, the outcome of his 

 blind hatred of Napoleon. In 1807 the French 

 wrested from the Swedes their last possessions 

 in Germany, and in 1808 the king involved 

 Sweden in a disastrous war with Russia, which 

 was then an ally of France. This came about 

 through the opening of his ports to English 

 vessels, which Napoleon was trying to prevent 

 (see CONTINENTAL SYSTEM). As a result, Fin- 

 land was lost to Sweden, and the exasperated 

 Swedish nobles rose in revolt. In May, 1809, 

 Gustavus was formally deposed by the Diet, 

 and the Duke of Sudermania was chosen king 

 as Charles XIII. B.M.W. 



GUTENBERG, goo' ten berK, JOHANNES 

 (1400-1468), the inventor of the art of printing 

 with movable 

 type. By his de- 

 vice the letters 

 were separated, 

 and movable 

 blocks were used 

 for the first time ; 

 previously all 

 printing had been 

 done with solid 

 blocks upon 

 which words were 

 engraved. The 

 inventor's name JOHANNES GUTENBERG 

 originally was JOHANN HENNE GENSFLEISCH, 

 but he took hw mother's n;mic ><> Ih.-ii it should 

 not become extinct. 



It is said that the contemplation of a wine 

 press gave Gutenberg his first notion of a 

 machine for printing. To bring his invention 

 to a successful point Gutenberg was obliged 

 to borrow money from Johann Faust, or Fust, 

 a goldsmith and money lender. After five 

 years Faust sued for the money which he had 

 advanced for carrying on the business and got 

 possession of the printing outfit. He and his 

 son-in-law, Peter Schoffer, claimed credit for 

 the invention, but Johann Schoffer, son of the 

 latter, states in the preface of a volume pub- 

 lished in 1505 that "the admirable art of printing 

 was invented in Mainz in 1450 by the ingenious 

 Johann Gutenberg, and was subsequently im- 

 proved and handed down to posterity by the 

 capital and labor of Johann Faust and Peter 

 Schoffer." 



Gutenberg was born in Mainz in 1400 of a 

 noble family, but left his native city in 1420 

 on account of political controversies. He was 

 employed on mechanical works in Strassburg 

 until 1448, when he returned to Mainz, and two 

 years later formed the hapless partnership with 

 Johann Faust. The earliest book issued from 

 the press was the 42-line Bible, commonly 

 known as the Mazarin. He also printed sev- 

 eral other religious books. 



In 1465 Gutenberg was honored by the Arch- 

 bishop Adolphus by a mark of distinction to 

 which his genius and labor entitled him. He 

 was admitted among the nobility of the Court 

 of the Archbishop and was given a pension. 

 Statues have been erected in his honor, promi- 

 nent among which is one erected in 1837 in 

 Mainz by Thorwaldsen. 



Consult Hessel's Gutenberg: Was He the In- 

 ventor of Printing? 



GUTHRIE, guth'ri, OKLA., the county seat of 

 Logan County and until 1911 the state capital. 

 It is thirty miles north of the present capital, 

 Oklahoma City, is north of the center of the 

 state, and on the Cimarron River and Cotton- 

 wood Creek. The Atchison, Topeka & Santa 

 Fe, the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific, the 

 Missouri, Kansas & Texas, the Saint Louis, El 

 Reno & Western, the Oklahoma Eastern and 

 the Fort Smith & Western lines provide rail- 

 road accommodations. The population in 1910 

 was 11,654; in 1916 it was 12,035, by Federal 

 estimate. 



Near the artesian mineral waters of Giithrie 

 a fine $100,000 municipal bath house has been 

 erected. The waters are medicinal, and their 

 (-111,1 five properties are attracting many people 

 to the city. Guthrie contains a private sani- 



