HADRIAN 



2655 



HAGENBECK 



tions between Private Property and Public 

 Welfare; The Education of the American Citi- 

 zen; Freedom and Responsibility ; Standards of 

 Public Morality; and Some Influences in Mod- 

 ern Philosophic Thought. W.F.Z. 



HADRIAN, ha'drian, PUBLIUS AELIUS HA- 

 DRIANUS (76-138), an emperor of Rome. Early 

 in life he distinguished himself in the Dacian 

 War, and later filled several important public 

 offices. In 117 he served in the Parthian War 

 under his kinsman, Emperor Trajan, and on 

 the latter's death was appointed his successor. 

 Believing it wise for political purposes to adopt 

 a peaceful policy, Hadrian made terms with 

 the Parthians, surrendering to them the terri- 

 tory beyond the Euphrates; checked by gen- 

 erous gifts the invasion of the Roxolani, and 

 by wise and humane methods won the good 

 will of his subjects. In A.D. 119 he left Rome 

 and made a tour of the Empire, spending two 

 years in Athens, his favorite city, which he 

 enlarged and improved. The chief disturbance 

 of his rule was the revolt of the Jews which 

 he subdued in 135. Hadrian's reign was 

 marked by wise legal and military reforms, by 

 many civic improvements and by a spirit of 

 toleration shown to the Christians. 



Hadrian's Tomb, a massive tower erected by 

 Hadrian in A.D. 130, and known in its remod- 

 eled form as the Castle of Saint Angelo. Orig- 

 inally the structure served the purpose of a 

 citadel. It is 230 feet in diameter, on a base- 

 ment about 300 feet square. The ancient edi- 

 fice is now almost hidden by the fortifications 

 which have been added to it from time to 

 time. The castle was held by the Popes from 

 the time of Boniface IX, and in 1500 was con- 

 nected with the Vatican by an underground 

 passage. See ROME, for illustration. 



Hadrian's Villa, an impressive country place 

 laid out and built by Hadrian, near Tivoli. It 

 covered an area of several square miles, and 

 its different sections were named after the 

 localities visited by the emperor in his travels. 

 The ruins of its theaters, temples, baths, etc., 

 are still in a fair state of preservation; they 

 furnished choice examples of ancient art now 

 reposing in the museums of Rome. See ROME. 



HAECKEL, hek'el, ERNST (1834- ), a 

 German zoologist and author, the most promi- 

 nent supporter of the Darwinian theories in 

 Germany. He was born in Potsdam. For 

 forty years Haeckel has worked untiringly in 

 zoology and has made important contributions 

 to the science. Since his first scientific work 

 was published in 1862 he has written about 



forty books on science. He has discovered and 

 named more than 3,000 species of a single class 

 of microscopic animals. He has searched the 

 ocean for his specimens, from Helgoland to 

 the Canary Islands, and from. Great Britain 

 to Malaysia. His most famous work, the Rid- 

 dle of the Universe, was published in 1899, and 

 has had over a million readers. It has been 

 translated into every language that has any 

 literature, and has excited a great deal of 

 controversy. Haeckel is a thoroughgoing ad- 

 vocate of evolution, for he believes that the 

 higher faculties of man have been evolved from 

 the mind of the brute, just as his physical 

 organism is the result of development from 

 lower animal forms. Accordingly, he has been 

 led to deny the immortality of the soul and 

 the existence of a personal God. 



His first inclinations were toward botany; 

 but later he studied medicine and zoology at 

 Berlin, Wurzburg and Vienna, then turned his 

 attention to natural science. In 1861 he became 

 "privat-dozent" at Jena; the following year he 

 was established in the chair of zoology at the 

 Jena university, and on February 16, 1909, 

 celebrated his seventy-fifth birthday by resign- 

 ing his professional position, after dedicating 

 a beautiful new building, the Museum of Evo- 

 lution, as a gift to the university. It was 

 built at his own expense and is the only insti- 

 tution of its kind in the world. Haeckel was 

 an eminent teacher. Two of the leading zo- 

 ologists of Great Britain, Sir E. Ray Lankester 

 and Professor Thomson, were his pupils. 



Among his works are Anthropology, The His- 

 tory of Creation, History of the Evolution of 

 Man, Collected Popular Discourses on the De- 

 velopment Theory, Origin and Development 

 of Animal Tissues and The General Morphol- 

 ogy of Organisms. 



HAGENBECK, hah' genbehk, KARL (1844- 

 1913), the most renowned animal collector and 

 dealer in the world. He stocked nearly all 

 the circus menageries and zoological gardens 

 on the three continents and was a notable 

 pioneer in the handling of wild animals. He 

 employed sixty European hunters to assist 

 him in collecting wild beasts. 



Hagenbeck was born in Hamburg, Germany, 

 where his father was a fishmonger, although he 

 gave some attention to animal training. When 

 Karl was twelve years of age his father asked 

 him whether he intended to become a dealer in 

 wild beasts or a fishmonger. The boy chose 

 animal training, and before he was a year older 

 took charge of his father's collection of animals. 



