HANKOW 



2684 



HANNIBAL 



Some authorities attribute the construction of 

 the hanging gardens to Semiramis, a semi- 

 historic queen of Assyria. See SEVEN WONDERS 

 OF THE WORLD. 



HANKOW, hahn' kou, the most important 

 commercial city in the interior of China, 600 

 miles from the sea, in the province of Hupeh. 

 It is situated at the junction of the rivers Han 

 and Yang-tse-kiang, in a network of navigable 

 rivers and lakes, and is connected by railroad 

 with Peking. Hankow is one of China's treaty 

 ports; it was opened to foreign trade in 1862 

 by the British, who had previously held exclu- 

 sive commercial concessions. The native quar- 

 ters of the city are dirty and overcrowded, 

 but the European "concessions," as they are 

 called, extend for more than three miles along 

 the river banks, with substantial residences and 

 business buildings. The largest ocean-going 

 steamers ascend the Yang-tse-kiang and unload 

 into lighters moored in the river, which is here 

 nearly a mile wide. The principal exports are 

 tea, hides, cotton, silk, rice and oils. The im- 

 ports are piece goods, metals and machinery. 

 In 1912 Hankow was captured by the Chinese 

 revolutionists and made the provisional capi- 

 tal of the new republic. Population, 826,000. 



HAN'NA, MARCUS ALONZO (1837-1904), an 

 American capitalist, political leader and for- 

 mer Senator of the United States. From the 

 beginning of his career as a business man and 

 throughout his political activity, Hanna showed 

 remarkable initiative and energy. He was 

 born in Ohio and educated in the Cleveland 

 public schools. In 1858 he entered the whole- 

 sale grocery business in Cleveland, gradually 

 extended his interests, and in 1885 was head 

 of a large coal and mining firm. Later he 

 acquired stock in newspapers, theatrical enter- 

 prises, banks and railways. 



As early as 1880 Hanna had become active 

 in local Republican politics, and^his influence 

 steadily increased. At the time during which 

 he was the greatest single force in the Repub- 

 lican party he was by many Republicans, and 

 by those of all other parties, one of the most 

 cordially disliked men in the nation. After 

 the election of McKinley he was appointed 

 United States Senator from Ohio to fill the 

 unexpired term of John Sherman, whom the 

 President had made Secretary of State, and in 

 1896 he was elected for the following full term. 

 Hanna was actively interested in questions 

 pertaining to capital and labor, and in 1902 

 used his influence to bring about a settlement 

 of the anthracite coal strike. 



HAN 'NAY, JAMES (1842-1910), a Canadian 

 historian, remembered chiefly for his History 

 of Acadia, a work which dispelled much of the 

 sentimental haze created by Longfellow's 

 Evangeline, and considerably modified the pre- 

 vious notions of English cruelty in dealing 

 with the Acadian peasants. Of his numerous 

 other writings the most important are History 

 of the War of 1812, biographies of Wilmot and 

 Tilley, and a History of New Brunswick. Han- 

 nay was born at Richibucto, N. B., studied law, 

 was called to the bar in 1867, and was for six 

 years official reporter of the provincial supreme 

 court. He was afterwards engaged in news- 

 paper work, and through his editorials in the 

 Saint John Gazette and the Telegraph wielded 

 considerable influence. He lectured frequently 

 on historical topics, and also contributed his- 

 torical articles and occasional poems to period- 

 icals. 



HAN 'NIBAL (247-183 B.C.), the greatest gen- 

 eral and statesman of ancient Carthage, who 

 in the use of stratagems and ambuscades sur- 

 passed all other military leaders of antiquity. 

 He was destined by his father, Hamilcar Barca, 

 to succeed him in the work of vengeance 

 against the Romans, who had constantly sought 

 to bring North Africa under subjection. While 

 still a boy he was taken to Spain, where he 

 showed marked evidence of his military apti- 

 tude. At the age of twenty-five he became 

 commander of the army in Spain, Judging 

 that the Romans could be conquered only in 

 Italy, he prepared to carry out his vengeance 

 against Rome by marching across the Pyrenees, 

 the Rhone and the Alps with 90,000 foot sol- 

 diers, 12,000 horsemen and thirty-seven ele- 

 phants. He reached the Rhone before the 

 Romans could check his advance, after great 

 hardships in crossing the mountains and a con- 

 sequent depletion of his forces. His passage 

 over the mountains was one of the greatest 

 achievements of any military force of an- 

 tiquity. He encountered a Roman army under 

 Scipio on the banks of the Ticino and defeated 

 it in 218 B. c., chiefly by the strength of his 

 Numidian cavalry. 



The following year Hannibal defeated the 

 Roman general Flaminius, then marched into 

 Apulia. In 216 B. c. the battle of Cannae was 

 fought, which resulted in a total defeat for the 

 Romans, about 50,000 of whom were killed. 

 Hannibal then made his new headquarters in 

 Capua, where his troops lived so luxuriously 

 that their discipline and health were under- 

 mined. In the next two years Hannibal's posi- 



