HANNIBAL 



2685 



HANOI 



tion in Southern Italy became difficult; his 

 army suffered reverses, and neither his own 

 government nor Philip V of Macedon, his 

 new ally, helped to recover his losses. In 212 

 he captured Tarentum, but lost his hold on 

 Campania. In 203 he was called to defend his 

 country, which had been invaded by Scipio. 

 He was defeated in Africa by the Romans in 

 202 B.C. at Zama, and after eighteen years of 

 bloody conflict, the Second Punic War ended, 

 Carthage being forced to accept the most 

 humiliating conditions of peace. Hannibal was 

 then forty-six years of age. 



Peace being concluded, he proved himself an 

 able statesman, and as civil magistrate devoted 

 himself to restoring the resources of Carthage. 

 Seven years after the victory at Zama the 

 jealous Romans sent ambassadors to demand 

 his surrender. He fled to Ephesus and offered 

 his services to Antiochiis III of Syria for the 

 war then commencing against the Romans. 

 They were accepted, but failing in an expedi- 

 tion against the Rhodians as commander of 

 the Syrian fleet, Hannibal was obliged to flee. 

 He went to Crete, then back to Asia and 

 sought refuge with the king of Bithynia. The 

 Romans sent Flaminius to demand his sur- 

 render, but Hannibal preferred to die rather 

 than be delivered into the hands of his ene- 

 mies. At Libyssa he took poison, which he 

 always carried with him, secreted in a ring. 

 The probable year of his death was 183 B. c. 



Consult Abbott's Hannibal the Carthaginian; 

 Morris's Hannibal. 



Related Subjects. The following topics in 

 these volumes may be consulted in connection 

 with the article on Hannibal : 

 Carthage Punic Wars 



Hamilcar Barca Scipio 



HANNIBAL, Mo., a growing industrial city 

 on the Mississippi River, eighteen miles south 

 of Quincy, 111., 120 miles northwest of Saint 

 Louis and about ninety miles west of Spring- 

 field, 111. It is in Marion County, in the 

 northeastern part of the state, and is served 

 by the Missouri, Kansas & Texas ; the Wabash ; 

 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy; the Saint 

 Louis & Hannibal, and other railroads. By 

 steamboat lines it has water connection with 

 other river towns. The population was 18,341 

 in 1910 and 21,836 in 1916, by Federal esti- 

 mate. 



The manufacturing section of the city occu- 

 pies the low land close to the river; the busi- 

 ness and residence sections extend west on 

 rising and hilly ground. Among the promi- 



nent buildings are a city hall, erected at a 

 cost of $100,000; a Federal building, costing 

 $175,000; a Y. M. C. A. building, Garth Memo- 

 rial Library, the County courthouse, Levering 

 Hospital and Nurses' Home, Saint Elizabeth's 

 . Hospital and the high school. A large rail- 

 road and wagon bridge crosses the river to 

 East Hannibal, 111. Central Park is a city 

 park of one acre; Riverview Park, containing 

 120 acres, extends along the river to the north. 



Of the numerous articles manufactured at 

 Hannibal, the most important are cement (pro- 

 duced by one of the largest Portland cement 

 plants in the Middle West), shoes, stoves, car 

 wheels, furniture, cigars, buttons and foundry 

 and machine-shop products. The value of 

 manufactured products in favorable years ex- 

 ceeds $8,500,000. 



During a part of his boyhood, Mark Twain 

 lived at Hannibal, and his old home is owned 

 and kept by the city as a memorial. The 

 city contains also a monument to him, erected 

 by the state. Here he lived the life of a 

 "river rat" and with his imaginative com- 

 panions experienced many of the incidents 

 described in Huckleberry Finn and Tom Saw- 

 yer. Their cave south of the city is visited 

 by many people. 



Hannibal was laid out as a town in 1819 

 and incorporated in 1839. The government is 

 administered under a city charter, granted in 

 1845 and revised in 1873. Prior to 1890 the 

 city was an important lumber market. 



HANOI, hahnoi' , one of the most important 

 cities of Annam, Southeastern Asia, capital of 

 the province of Tongking, and the seat of the 

 government of French Indo-China. It has a 

 picturesque situation on the Songkoi, or Red 

 River, eighty miles from its mouth in the 

 Gulf of Tongking. The Songkoi River is nav- 

 igable for small vessels and is crossed at Hanoi 

 by a fine railway bridge over a mile in length. 

 The city is connected with its port, Haiphong, 

 by a railroad, and is also in communication 

 by rail with Langson, a town on the Chinese 

 frontier. As a commercial center it is of con- 

 siderable importance, though most of the 

 trade is in the hands of Chinese merchants. 

 Rice, silk, cotton embroidery and matches are 

 exported, and the natives produce beautifully- 

 carved furniture and artistic metal work. The 

 city has been greatly improved since it came 

 into the possession of the French in 1882. 

 New broad streets have been constructed, 

 some well lighted with electricity, and even 

 the native quarters are clean and well kept. 



