HAREM 



2690 



HARMONICA 



white, appear in summer and autumn. They 

 yield a bright blue juice which may be used 

 for ink. 



HAREM, ha'rem, from the Arabian, mean- 

 ing that which is sacred, set apart, forbidden, 

 is the name given in Mohammedan countries 

 to the part of the dwelling reserved for female 

 members of the household, and from which 

 all men, excepting the husband and intimate 

 male relations, are excluded. The term also 

 signifies the inmates themselves. 



As an institution the harem is of remote ori- 

 gin. It existed among the ancient Babylonians 

 and Persians, and among all those races which, 

 while sanctioning polygamy, or plurality of 

 wives, have attained some degree of civiliza- 

 tion. It reached its greatest development, 

 however, among the Mohammedans. The 

 most famous harem is that of the sultan of 

 Turkey at Constantinople; its inmates are said 

 to be allowed greater liberties than those of 

 similar institutions. The Koran allows four 

 wives to a Mussulman, and an indefinite num- 

 ber of concubines, or female slaves, but owing 

 to the expense of maintaining more than one 

 establishment, the majority of Turkish and 

 Persian men have only one wife. Within the 

 harem the woman rules supreme; there, sur- 

 rounded by attendants, she receives her female 

 friends and indulges in the various occupations 

 and amusements at her command, such as 

 spinning, sewing, witnessing the dances of the 

 slaves, and in the numerous rites of self- 

 ornamentation. 



While royal harems may be regarded as 

 permanent institutions, individual maintenance 

 of such establishments in Oriental countries is 

 said to be losing ground, principally because 

 women are demanding and achieving, little by 

 little, a much greater degree of freedom. See 

 ZENANA. 



HARGREAVES, hahr'greevz, JAMES (about 

 1720-1778), the inventor of the carding machine 

 and the spinning jenny, which, with the power 

 loom invented by Cartwright, revolutionized 

 the cotton industry and placed it on a new 

 basis. He was a poorly educated Englishman, 

 who earned his living by weaving and spinning 

 in his home at Stanhill. After producing the 

 spinning jenny in 1764, he sold a few of the 

 machines, which performed eight times the 

 work of a hand spinner. Some of his fellow 

 workers became jealous of the amount of work 

 he could do, so they broke into his house and 

 destroyed the machine. He then moved to 

 Nottingham in 1768 and erected a spinning 



mill, but manufacturers stole his design. As 

 it was proved that he had sold some of the 

 machines, the government refused to give him 

 a patent; so he never profited by his inven- 

 tion. 



HARLAN, JOHN MAYNARD (1833-1911), a 

 former Associate Justice of the United States 

 Supreme Court, who rendered distinguished 

 service in that position for over a third of a 

 century. He was born in Boyle County, Ky., 

 was graduated from Center College in 1850 and 

 studied law at Transylvania University. After 

 his admission to the bar he practiced law in 

 Frankfort, Ky., and was elected county judge 

 in 1858. On the outbreak of the War of Seces- 

 sion he organized for the Federal cause the 

 Tenth Kentucky Infantry, was made its col- 

 onel and served under General Thomas until 

 1863, when he resigned. He was attorney- 

 general of Kentucky from that year to 1867. 

 On November 29, 1877, he was appointed to 

 the Supreme Court by President Hayes and 

 served for thirty-four years, Chief Justice John 

 Marshall alone exceeding this length of serv- 

 ice, and only by a few months. Justice Har- 

 lan was considered one of the ablest members 

 of the Supreme Court; he wrote the opinion 

 in the famous Northern Securities case, and 

 supported the clause of the Wilson Tariff Bill 

 for an income tax. He taught constitutional 

 law at George Washington University in Wash- 

 ington, D. C., for fifteen years, and was one 

 of the American arbitrators in the Bering Sea 

 Tribunal which met in 1903 in Paris. 



HARLEQUIN, hahr'lekwin, a pantomime 

 performer, who figured in Italian comedies. 

 His role was characterized by great bodily 

 agility and buffoonery of an extravagant na- 

 ture, and was therefore like that of the modern 

 clown. In the Christmas pantomimes of Eng- 

 land and Scotland, Harlequin is a lover and 

 magician, his chief duty being to protect his 

 sweetheart, Columbine, from the persecutions 

 of down and Pantaloon. In France and Italy 

 the role was dignified and popularized by such 

 actors as Vizentini, Rich and O'Brien. The 

 costume of Harlequin consists of tights, fan- 

 tastically varied in color and covered with 

 spangles. 



HARMONICA, hahrmon'ika, a musical in- 

 strument invented by Benjamin Franklin, con- 

 sisting of a series of cup-shaped glasses which 

 were made to revolve, while their moistened 

 rims were touched by the finger. The com- 

 pass of its notes was from C to F. The idea 

 is said to have originated with an Irishman 



