HARMONICS 



HARNESS 



named Puckeridge. Many attempts to substi- 

 tute keys for the finger were unsuccessful, as 

 the human touch imparted a tone to the sound 

 which no inanimate substance could supply. 

 A small wind instrument, or mouth organ, 

 popular with boys everywhere, is also called 

 a harmonica. 



HARMONICS, hahrmon'iks, the accessory 

 tones which accompany any string, pipe or 

 other clear-sounding body. Every musical 

 sound consists of a principal or fundamental 

 tone accompanied by higher tones, or har- 

 monics, which blend and generally harmonize 

 with it. As a test, strike a low note on a piano, 

 holding down the loud pedal. As the sound 

 dies away, the harmonics (or partial tones) 

 can be heard distinctly. When a sound is pro- 

 duced by the vibration of a string, the string 

 vibrates as a whole, giving rise to a tone called 

 the fundamental. This string, however, di- 

 vides into various sections which vibrate sep- 

 arately and produce sounds differing from the 

 fundamental but blending with it ; these sounds 

 are its harmonics. 



The first harmonic of the fundamental note 

 of any string is that produced by half the 

 string and is the octave of the fundamental 

 tone; the second harmonic is produced by 

 each third of the string and is the fifth, or 

 dominant, of the fundamental note ; and so on, 

 the complete series of harmonics containing 

 all the notes of the musical scale. The pecu- 

 liar recognizable character of all sounds 

 whether voice, piano, organ, violin, or any 

 other musical instrument is due to the pres- 

 ence of harmonics, each with its own degree 

 of loudness, thus producing different qualities 

 of tone. See Music; SOUND. 



HARMONY, hahr'moni, that branch of 

 musical science which deals with chords, their 

 constitution, and their relation and progres- 

 sion. It is the result of the development of 

 instrumental music, just as counterpoint, the 

 science which preceded harmony, grew with 

 the development of song. It is a fundamental 

 branch of musical theory and composition, the 

 importance* of which can readily be realized 

 from the fact that any simple melody can be 

 made to arouse widely variant emotions when 

 given different harmonic settings. Claude 

 Monteverde, during the seventeenth century, 

 introduced combinations of sound forbidden 

 in counterpoint and laid the foundation of 

 modern harmony. The science made great 

 progress under Bach, Wagner, Mozart and 

 Beethoven. In fact, innumerable examples of 



the principles underlying harmony are found 

 in the works of all great composers, for in 

 many instances the beauty and power of their 

 compositions depend largely upon the har- 

 monies which they are able to form about a 

 single simple theme. Among the famous books 

 on harmony are those by Rameau, Logier, Sir 

 George Macfarren and Sir John Stainer. See 

 Music. 



HARMS WORTH, ALFRED CHARLES WILLIAM. 

 See NORTHCLIFFE, LORD. 



HAR'NESS, the tackle worn by a horse, 

 mule, donkey or other draft animal when at- 



PARTS OF THE HARNESS 



1. Bridle ; used to hold the bit in the mouth and 

 to restrain the horse. The parts are bit (a), nose 

 band (b), chin band (c), face band (d), blinds 

 (e), winker braces (/), brow band (g), crown 

 band (h), gag swivel (i), side check (j), throat 

 latch (fc). 



2. Lines ; used to control and restrain the 

 horse. 



3. Collar ; used to protect the shoulder, thus 

 enabling the horse to draw heavy loads without 

 injuring the shoulder. 



4. Hames ; used to distribute weight along the 

 collar. 



5. Hame tugs ; used to fasten the traces to the 

 hames. 



6. Traces ; used to connect the name tugs to the 



7. Martingale ; often used to hold the collar in 

 place in backing a load, and sometimes attached 

 to the lines to hold the horse's head in position. 



8 Saddle ; used to protect the back from the 

 weight of the shafts, to receive the check rein, to 

 hold the lines and the parts of the harness in 

 place. 



9. Girth ; used to hold the harness in place. 



10. Shaft tug; used to hold the shafts in place. 



11. Back strap ; used to hold the saddle, hip 

 straps and crupper in place. 



12. Crupper ; used to hold the hip straps, and in 

 connection with the back band to hold the saddle 



straps; used to hold the breeching 



14. Breeching; used in connection with backing 

 the load. 



15. Holdback straps; used to connect the 

 breeching with the load in order to hold back and 

 in backing. 



tached to a vehicle. The harness is usually 

 made of leather, and has buckles and clasps 

 to keep it in place. The most important parts 



