HAYES 



2734 



HAYNE 



quested, and several times refused to confirm 

 the President's appointments of able men. The 

 most important controversy over civil service 

 concerned the New York customhouse. Hayes 

 removed the collector of customs, Chester A. 

 Arthur, and the naval officer, Alonzo B. Cor- 

 nell, because the customhouse was "used to 

 manage and control political affairs," and be- 

 cause Arthur and Cornell refused to reform it. 

 (For details, see ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN.) 



Other Events. The foreign relations of the 

 government during the Hayes administration 

 were lacking in startling incidents. Congress 

 passed a law in 1879 prohibiting Chinese immi- 

 gration (see CHINESE EXCLUSION), which Hayes 

 vetoed because it violated a treaty obligation. 

 The only other noteworthy event affecting 

 foreign countries was the settlement of the 

 Atlantic fisheries dispute (see WASHINGTON, 

 TREATY OF). Of great importance to the Mis- 

 sissippi Valley was the completion of the im- 

 provements at the mouth of the Mississippi 

 River in accordance with the plans of Captain 

 James B. Eads (see JETTY). The lower Missis- 

 sippi Valley, and in fact the entire South, was 

 swept by an epidemic of yellow fever in 1878 

 and 1879. The latter year was also noteworthy 

 for the organization of the United States life- 

 saving service. Hayes had announced, in 1876, 

 that he would not, under any circumstances, 

 accept reelection to the Presidency. In the 

 election of 1880 the Republican candidate, 

 James A. Garfield, was elected over General 

 Winfield S. Hancock. (For details, see GAR- 

 FIELD, JAMES ABRAM.) 



An Active Ex-President. Hayes was only 

 fifty-nine years old at the end of his term. 

 He was still vigorous in body and mind, and 

 his retirement from public office gave him 

 leisure to devote to reforms and charities in 

 which he was interested. He was for a num- 

 ber of years president of the trustees of the 

 John F. Slater Fund for the promotion of in- 

 dustrial education among the negroes in the 

 South, and was also one of the trustees of the 

 Peabody Educational Fund (which see). He 

 was an active member of the National Con- 

 ference of Charities and Corrections, served a 

 term as president of the National Prison Asso- 

 ciation, was a trustee of Western Reserve Uni- 

 versity, of Ohio Wesleyan University and of 

 several other charitable and educational insti- 

 tutions. He was senior vice-commander of the 

 Loyal Legion, but of all the honors given him, 

 he was perhaps proudest of the presidency of 

 the Twenty-third Regiment Ohio Volunteers' 



Association, the regiment which was always his 

 regiment. He died at his home at Fremont, 

 Ohio, on January 17, 1893. W.F.Z. 



Consult Howells' Life of R. B. Hayes; Con- 

 well's Life and Public Services of Hayes. 



HAY FEVER, or HAY ASTHMA, az' ma, a 



very disagreeable affection of the mucous mem- 

 branes of the eyes, nose, mouth and bronchi, 

 accompanied sometimes by asthma and fever. 

 It is characterized by frequent paroxysms of 

 sneezing and by a copious watery flow from 

 the nose and eyes. The attacks occur in the 

 late summer months and are caused, in persons 

 susceptible to the disease, by the pollen of 

 various grasses, including ragweed, goldenrod, 

 burdock, pigweed, rye, timothy, etc., after they 

 begin to ripen. Change of climate is beneficial 

 in most cases. 



Some physicians inject a toxin made from a 

 mixture of pollens; others vaccinate the suf- 

 ferers with a serum from rabbits which have 

 been inoculated with the toxin. These reme- 

 dies, however, relieve and do not cure the dis- 

 ease. They sometimes produce immunity from 

 the disease for one season, and are more or 

 less beneficial to some patients. The United 

 States Hay Fever Association, with headquar- 

 ters in New York City, is striving for the 

 enactment and enforcement of anti-weed laws 

 in various states. An ailment very similar to 

 hay fever, called rose fever, attacks some per- 

 sons in the spring. W.A.E. 



HAYNE, hain, PAUL HAMILTON (1831-1886), 

 an American poet, popularly known as "the 

 laureate of the South." There are other South- 

 ern poets, notably Poe and Lanier, whose work 

 has won wider recognition and who possessed 

 a greater measure of poetic genius, but Hayne 

 deserved his title, for he succeeded in express- 

 ing in his poems much of the spirit of the 

 South. 



Hayne was born in Charleston, S. C., and 

 grew up in the household of his uncle, Robert 

 Young Hayne, famed for his brilliant debate 

 with Daniel Webster on states' rights. He \vas 

 educated at South Carolina College, and then 

 studied law, but he was under no necessity 

 of earning his living and preferred to spend 

 his time in literary pursuits. Three volumes 

 of his poems had appeared before the outbreak 

 of the War of Secession, but that conflict saw 

 the end of his pleasant, leisurely life. He 

 served in the Confederate army, and during 

 the struggle suffered financial ruin. In his later 

 years and after his death his cottage near 

 Augusta, Ga. ? was the center of an affection- 



