HAZEN 



2737 



HAZLETON 



them, and they are also among the most popu- 

 lar nuts for eating. 



HAZEN, ha'z'n, JOHN DOUGLAS (1860- ), 

 a Canadian barrister and statesman, premier 

 of New Brunswick from 1908 to 1911, and 

 after 1911 Dominion Minister of Marine and 

 Fisheries in the Conservative Ministry of Sir 

 Robert Borden. Hazen was born at Oromocto, 

 N. B., and attended the common schools of 

 Fredericton and the University of New Bruns- 

 wick, from which he was graduated at the age 

 of nineteen. -He was called to the bar in 1883, 

 and was elected to his first office, alderman of 

 Fredericton, in 1885. He was alderman for 

 three years, and then served a term as mayor. 

 Removing to Saint John at the end -of his 

 term, he continued to practice law, 'and from 

 1891 to 1896 was a Conservative member of the 

 Dominion House of Commons. In 1899 he 

 was elected to the New 'Brunswick assembly, 

 and for the following nine years was leader of 

 the Conservative opposition. In 1908 he was 

 called on to form a ministry, in which he be- 

 came premier and attorney-general. He re- 

 signed these offices in 1911 to accept appoint- 

 ment to the Dominion Cabinet, and took his 

 seat in the House of Commons for Saint John 

 by acclamation. G.H.L. 



HAZEN, WILLIAM BABCOCK (1830-1889), an 

 American major-general and the most re- 

 nowned chief of the Signal Service Bureau, was 

 born in West Hartford, Vt. In 1855 he was 

 graduated at West Point and in the War of 

 Secession served as colonel of the Forty-first 

 Regiment of Ohio Volunteers, which he had 

 been instrumental in recruiting. He served 

 actively in Kentucky, won distinction in the 

 battles of Corinth and Shiloh, and with his 

 command captured eighteen pieces of artillery 

 at Missionary Ridge. In Sherman's march 

 through Georgia he commanded the second di- 

 vision of the Fifteenth Corps, and in 1864 was 

 promoted to the rank of major-general of vol- 

 unteers. When the war closed he was bre- 

 vetted major-general of the United States 

 Army. He was military attache to the United 

 States Legation in Vienna during' the Turko- 

 Russian War. In 1880 he was appointed chief 

 signal officer and did much to raise the signal 

 service to a higher point of efficiency. The 

 present standard time meridians were adopted 

 partly through his efforts, and he also introduced 

 the bulletin system of hourly weather service as 

 well as the "cold wave" signals. His published 

 works include Our Barren Lands, A Narrative 

 of Military Service and The School and the 

 172 



Army in Germany and France with a Diary of 

 Siege Life at Versailles. See WEATHER BUREAU. 



HAZING, the infliction by senior college 

 students of severe "practical jokes" upon their 

 junior fellows, which often involve bodily 

 harm. The term also includes any humiliating 

 action entailing the abandonment of self- 

 respect and dignity, performed by a person 

 through fear or threat. The excuse for hazing 

 in colleges is that it "restrains the ambitions 

 of new students which would otherwise render 

 college life intolerable to the older under- 

 graduates." The hazed one's consolation is the 

 prospect of inflicting similar indignities on 

 others when he himself is an upper classman. 



Hazing has resulted disastrously in many 

 instances; students have died from the effects 

 of the pranks played upon them, and some 

 cases of insanity have developed from fright 

 experienced by the victims. School officials 

 within recent years have placed heavy penal- 

 ties, usually expulsion, upon participants. The 

 practice has been largely discontinued and, 

 indeed, entirely abandoned in some colleges and 

 universities. In the military and naval schools 

 of practically all governments hazing is forbid- 

 den, and very severe penalties are imposed for 

 violation of the rule. 



HAZLETON, ha'z'lt'n, PA., a city in Luzerne 

 County, in the eastern part of the state, about 

 midway between the northern and southern 

 borders, and a center of the coal-mining indus- 

 try. Pottsville is twenty-nine miles southwest, 

 and Wilkes-Barre is thirty-one miles north. 

 Transportation facilities are afforded by the 

 Pennsylvania System and the Lehigh Valley 

 Railroad. Wilkes-Barre is an hour's ride from 

 Hazleton via the Wilkes-Barre and Hazleton 

 third-rail system, and connections at this point 

 are made with the Lackawanna & Wyoming 

 Valley Railroad. 



Hazleton was settled in 1804, was incorpo- 

 rated as a borough in 1856 and was chartered as 

 a city in 1892. The abundant growth of the 

 hazel bush during the early days of the settle- 

 ment gave rise to the name. In 1914 the 

 commission form of government, with five 

 elective officers, was adopted. Nearly all na- 

 tionalities are represented in its population, 

 which increased from 25,452 in 1910 to 28,491 

 in 1916, by Federal estimate. Owing to its 

 picturesque situation and high altitude (1,700 

 feet), the city enjoys popularity as a summer 

 resort. 



Because of its location in the rich anthracite 

 coal district of Pennsylvania and the resources 



