HESSIANS 



2789 



HEYSE 



SIANS). The parent fly is about an eighth of 

 an inch long, with a wing expanse of about a 

 quarter of an inch. With its dark-brown body 

 and dusky-gray wings, it looks very much like 

 a mosquito. There are two principal broods 

 annually. The eggs for one are laid during 

 April or May, and for the other during Sep- 

 tember. Each female lays from 100 to 150 

 tiny pale-red eggs. They are deposited in rows 

 of three or more on the upper part of the leaf 

 or on the lower joints of the wheat stalk. In 

 about five days whitish maggots hatch from 

 the eggs and embed themselves between the 

 leaf-sheath and stem of the grain. They then 

 commence to suck the juices from the stem, 

 and their presence can be told by an enlarge- 

 ment of the plant at those points (see GALLS). 

 Within a few weeks the young (larvae) change 

 into forms which look like flaxseed. They re- 

 main in that state unt.il they are ready to 

 emerge as full-fledged flies. The eggs laid in 

 the spring develop into the adult flies of Sep- 

 tember; those Jaid in fall produce the full- 

 grown flies of April and May. 



It is impossible entirely to save a crop which 

 has become badly infested with Hessian flies. 

 Plentiful and prompt use of fertilizers will 

 cause the wheat to send out new shoots and 

 so a better yield will be obtained. By plant- 

 ing winter wheat late enough not to be at- 

 tacked by the fly and early enough not to be 

 affected by weather conditions, the crop is 

 practically assured. The exact date of plant- 

 ing will vary with the locality from about 

 September 15 to October 15. Planting a small 

 strip of 'wheat early enough in spring for the 

 flies to lay their eggs in it, then plowing it 

 under, will insure the safety of the actual crop 

 planted later. M.S. 



Consult Lugger's Hessian Fly, published by the 

 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station ; 

 Webster's Hessian Fly, procurable from the 

 United States Department of Agriculture. 



HESSIANS, hesh'anz, the name given to 

 the German soldiers who were hired by the 

 British to fight against the American colonies 

 during the Revolutionary War. .As more than 

 half of them came from two Hessian prov- 

 inces, the term was applied to the whole body 

 of mercenaries, about 29,800, who had been 

 sold into a war in which they had no interest. 

 The men who were thus shipped to America 

 were victims of a system which allowed Euro- 

 pean princes to sell their subjects into military 

 service. The men were paid the usual sol- 

 diers' wages, about twenty-five cents a day, 



the princes meanwhile pocketing a substantial 

 bonus from the British government. Many of 

 the Hessians settled in America after the war 

 and became industrious and loyal citizens. 



HEWITT, ABRAM STEVENS (1822-1903), 

 an American manufacturer and politician, 

 through whose generosity Cooper Institute in 

 New York City is largely maintained, was 

 born at Haverstraw, N. Y. In 1842 he was 

 graduated with honor at Columbia College, 

 New York City, and a year later began the 

 study of law. On account of failing eyesight 

 he gave up the profession and engaged in the 

 manufacture of iron with Edward Cooper, a 

 classmate, and son of Peter Cooper, the founder 

 of Cooper Institute, the maintenance of the 

 institute being largely due to his efforts as 

 he acted in the capacity of trustee and secre- 

 tary for many years. 



He introduced the open-hearth process of 

 making steel in America. In 1847 he was nomi- 

 nated for Congress by Tammany Hall (which 

 see) ; was elected and served from that time 

 until 1886, with the exception of one term. 

 He was elected Mayor of New York in 1886 

 after a campaign in which Henry George and 

 Theodore Roosevelt were defeated. After his 

 retirement from office he gave attention to 

 private business affairs, but kept closely identi- 

 fied with municipal movements and reforms. 

 In 1901 he was elected chairman of the trustees 

 .at the organization of the Carnegie Institu- 

 tion. See COOPER, PETER. 



HEWLETT, MAURICE HENRY (1861- ), 

 an English novelist, born in London, who 

 achieved fame by his brilliant and faithful 

 interpretations of the historical strife and 

 romance of the Middle Ages. He was edu- 

 cated at London International College, and 

 was admitted to the bar in 1891. Besides 

 Forest Lovers, his first popular success, his 

 novels on medieval themes include Richard 

 Yea-and-Nay, New Canterbury Tales, Little 

 Novels of Italy, Pan and the Young Shepherd, 

 Fond Adventures and The Queen's Quair. 

 Among his novels of modern life, which indi- 

 cate their author's socialistic views, are The 

 Halj-Way House, Open Country, and Rest 

 Harrow. Mr. Hewlett's style is in complete 

 harmony with the period of his historical 

 romances, so much so that at times it is diffi- 

 cult to gain his thought. 



HEYSE, hi'ze, PAUL JOHANN (1830-1914), a 

 German novelist, dramatist and poet. He was 

 acknowledged a master of the novelette, of 

 which he published more than a score of col- 



