HOLLAND 



2809 



HOLLY 



to oppose her could be found. Working alone 

 in his little room in the monastery at Cork, he 

 solved the problem to his own satisfaction, 

 but was laughed at for his "crazy notions." 

 A year or two later he went to the United 

 States, where he continued his experiments, at 

 the same time supporting himself by teaching 

 school. He himself was not a Fenian (which 

 see), but he built a submarine which the 

 Fenians paid for and intended to use. 



When the Fenian excitement died out and 

 the possibility of war between England and the 

 United States was ended by the arbitration of 

 the Alabama claims, Holland and his sub- 

 marine dropped from public notice. Not for 

 twenty years, until 1895, did he appear again. 

 In that year the United States government 

 advertised for bids for a submarine to be built 

 at its expense, and Holland was given the 

 contract. For a large part "of the time during 

 which the boat was under construction Holland 

 was too ill to superintend the work, and it 

 was left to various government officials, who 

 materially changed the plans. When the 

 Plunger, as it was called, was finished, it was 

 so faulty that Holland, in disgust, refused to 

 allow the government to keep it, and he re- 

 funded $95,000 which had been paid him. 



In 1898 he built another submarine, the Hol- 

 land, this time without interference; it was 



ily fifty feet long and carried only one tor- 

 lo tube, but in every essential feature it 

 has been the model on which nearly all subma- 

 rines have since been constructed, and the 

 United States, Great Britain, France, Germany 

 and Japan have built their greater submarines 

 from plans furnished by Holland. The essen- 

 tial feature of the Holland type is that the 

 submarine dives below the surface, whereas all 

 previous types were merely allowed to sink. 

 In later years Holland experimented unsuc- 

 cessfully with aeroplanes. He met serious 

 financial reverses, and died in poverty. See 

 SUBMARINE. W.F.Z. 



HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881), an 

 American editor and novelist, who published 

 his early writings under the name of Timothy 

 Titcomb. Holland was born in Belchertown, 

 Mass., was graduated from Berkshire Medical 

 College in 1844 and established himself as a 

 physician at Springfield, but was unsuccessful 

 in gaining a practice. Subsequently he became 

 superintendent of schools at Vicksburg, Miss. 

 In 1849 he was assistant editor of the Spring- 

 field Republican and after 1851 part owner of 

 that journal. He was one of the founders of 



Scribner's Monthly, which was started in 1870, 

 this periodical becoming the Century Magazine 

 in 1881 under another ownership. His Timothy 

 Titcomb letters were attractive for their viva- 

 cious style and high moral tone. His novels 

 and poems were popular, and included Seven- 

 oaks, Arthur Bonnicastle, Nicholas Minium, 

 Garnered Sheaves, Bittersweet and Kathrina. 



HOLLAND, MICH., a city of Ottawa County, 

 situated in the southwestern part of the state, 

 at the head of Black Lake, an arm of Lake 

 Michigan, twenty-six miles southwest of Grand 

 Rapids. Steamers make regular trips between 

 Holland and Chicago, and railway transporta- 

 tion is provided by the Pere Marquette and 

 an electric line. The city had a population of 

 10,490 in 1910, which had increased to 12,185 

 in 1916, by Federal estimate. It covers an 

 area of nearly three square miles. 



Holland is the seat of Hope College and of 

 the Western Theological Seminary, two schools 

 under the direction of the Dutch Reformed 

 Church in America. The city hall, public 

 library, churches and schools are prominent 

 buildings. The city is the center of a favorite 

 summer resort containing Ottawa Beach, Maca- 

 tawa, Jenison and Waukazoo. 



Important manufactures include furniture, 

 plate and mirror glass, pianos, sporting goods, 

 wood-working machinery, leather, shoes, elec- 

 tric and steam launches, and rusks, the latter 

 being typical Dutch cakes. There are flour and 

 planing mills, a sugar-beet factory, a machine 

 shop and a large pickling plant. Grain and 

 fruit are shipped in considerable quantities. 



Holland was settled in 1847 by Dutch colon- 

 ists who had left the Netherlands in quest of 

 religious liberty, and many of the present 

 inhabitants are of Dutch descent. It was in- 

 corporated as a city in 1867, being quickly 

 rebuilt in 1871 after a disastrous fire. 



HOLLY, hol'i, the popular name of a species 

 of evergreen trees and shrubs, chiefly natives 

 of temperate climates, having dark green, shiny 

 and leathery leaves. The name is said to be 

 derived from the use of its branches and berries 

 as church decorations at Christmas time, from 

 which the plant was called the holy tree. It 

 has for many years suggested the spirit of 

 Yuletide. 



The common holly, the only European spe- 

 cies, and found also in some parts of Asia, is 

 used ornamentally in the parks and gardens 

 of Great Britain, where, on suitable soils, it 

 often attains a height of fifty feet. It is also 

 planted for hedges. The flowers of this holly 



