HOOVER 



2832 



HOPKINS 



The boring of the tunnel was a difficult under- 

 taking, as the rock penetrated was chiefly schist. 

 The total cost was about $11,000,000. 



HOOVER, HERBERT CLARK (1874- ), a min- 

 ing engineer who left his chosen field in a war 

 emergency to become the watchdog of the 

 world's food supply. Appointed chairman of 

 the Belgian relief commission early in 1915, he 

 prevented the actual starvation of millions of 

 Belgians; as a mark of appreciation, in August, 

 1918, he was made "Honorary Citizen and 

 Friend of the Belgian Nation" by the govern- 

 ment, and "accorded a place of honor in the 

 Belgian family, over which he has been the 

 agent of providence." 



Not long was his effort confined to this phase 

 of the war. The American government called 

 him home in 1917 and placed him at the head 

 of the United States Food Administration Bu- 

 reau, in which capacity he served ably until the 

 armistice was signed, in November, 1918. Early 

 in 1919 he was placed in charge of the united 

 allied effort to feed the hungry peoples of 

 Europe, including the enemy countries. 



HOPE, ANTHONY. See HAWKINS, ANTHONY 

 HOPE. 



HOPI, ko'pe, or MOKI, mo' ke, an interest- 

 ing and once powerful tribe of North American 

 Indians, about 2,000 of whom are now living in 

 Northeastern Arizona. There, hundreds of feet 

 above the desert, on mesas, or rock "tables," 

 reached by steps and difficult trails, they have 

 their terraced stone pueblos, or villages. Of 



HOPI MAN AND MAIDEN 



the seven villages which they occupy, Walpi 

 and Oraibi are the principal ones. Another 

 town, called Hano, is inhabited by the Tewa, 

 a similar tribe. 



The Hopi are a small, muscular and agile 

 people. They have reddish-brown skin, slant- 

 ing eyes, broad, straight noses and large 

 mouths. Like all Indians, they have straight, 

 black hair. Hopi men sometimes wear their 



hair "banged" in front, cut short at the sides, 

 and tied in a knot behind. They now wear 

 calico shirts, short pantaloons, leggings, mocca- 

 sins, hair bands, and jewelry of shell, turquoise 

 and silver. Married women wear their hair 

 in two coils hanging down in front; girls on 

 reaching the marriageable age, at about four- 

 teen, dress theirs in whorls at the sides of the 

 head. All of the women wear dark-blue woolen 

 dresses of native weave, fastened with embroid- 

 ered belts, also calico shawls draped over the 

 shoulders, deerskin moccasins, and various pieces 

 of silver jewelry. 



The Hopi are keen, industrious and peace- 

 loving, and lead upright lives. Their language 



AN OLD HOPI PUEBLO, OR VILLAGE 



is Shoshonean. They are skilled in pottery and 

 basket making, weaving, dyeing and embroider- 

 ing, and articles which they make find a ready 

 market among neighboring tribes and among 

 tourists. They raise large quantities of maize, 

 and store about a third of the crop each year 

 against possible future needs. Peaches, beans, 

 melons, pumpkins, cotton, wheat and tobacco 

 are also cultivated by them. Flocks of sheep 

 and goats supply their wool and skins, and they 

 possess cattle, horses, burros and mules. 



Like the other Pueblo Indians, the people of 

 this tribe believe in witchcraft, and many of 

 their customs and ceremonies are strange and 

 interesting. Their snake dance is an especially 

 weird performance, the Indians dancing with 

 live snakes between their teeth. The Hopi first 

 became known to white men in 1540. Studies 

 made of mounds and ruins show that at one 

 time villages of the Hopi extended as far north 

 as the Colorado River, west to the vicinity of 

 Flagstaff, Ariz., and south to the little Colo- 

 rado Valley and probably beyond. M.S. 



HOPKINS, MARK (1802-1887), the revered 

 president of Williams College for thirty-six 

 years, of whom President Garfield, who was at 



