HOTTENTOTS 



2849 



HOURGLASS 



to be in the United States, Hot Springs Reser- 

 vation was famous in the history of land titles. 

 In the latter year it became a town, and a city 

 charter was granted in 1878. Since 1907 two 

 fires have caused great loss of property, large 

 sections of the city having been entirely de- 

 stroyed, j.s.c. 



HOTTENTOTS, hof'ntots, an African race, 

 the original inhabitants of the Cape of Good 

 Hope Province, now a part of the Union of 

 South Africa. They are in many ways a 

 peculiar race, and appear to be held in con- 

 tempt by both Europeans and the darker na- 

 tives of Africa. The Hottentot is of small 

 stature, and has a dirty, livid, yellow com- 

 plexion, thick lips, flat nose with wide nostrils, 

 and large ears. The hair is coarse and woolly, 

 and the men have very scanty beards. Young 

 Hottentot girls are considered attractive. They 

 marry very early, sometimes at the age of 

 eleven or twelve. After marriage they age 

 very quickly, and when only in the twenties 

 they may appear old and shriveled. 



Although some Hottentots are industrious 

 and reliable, most of them are degraded and 

 vicious, given to lying, drunkenness and sensu- 

 ality. There are probably not more than 20,000 

 true Hottentots left in the whole province, 

 although they formerly numbered 200,000 and 

 were once rich in cattle. The early Boer set- 

 tlers in Africa waged constant war on them, 

 and the survivors of the seven tribes compos- 

 ing the race were scattered to all parts of 

 South Africa. 



\- The origin of the Hottentots has been a 

 puzzle to anthropologists, but it is now gen- 

 erally believed that they are a cross between 

 the Bantu negro and the Bushman, the latter 

 element being seen in their yellow color, promi- 

 nent cheek bones and pointed chin. In physi- 

 cal characteristics they show many variations 

 from other negroid types. See BANTU; BUSH- 

 MEN. 



HOUDON, oodawN', JEAN ANTOINE (1741- 

 1828), the greatest French sculptor of the eight- 

 eenth century. He executed over 200 busts 

 of eminent men and women, including Wash- 

 ington, Franklin, Napoleon. Lafayette, Mira- 

 beau and Rousseau. 



Houdon was born at Versailles, where, in 

 1890, a statue of him was erected. At the 

 age of thirteen his work began to attract atten- 

 tion. In 1761 he won the prix de Rome (the 

 prize of Rome), and continued his studies in 

 that city for over ten years. Upon his return 

 to Paris he became professor at the Ecole des 

 179 



Beaux Arts. In 1785 he visited America with 

 Franklin, and during his stay executed a statue 

 of Washington, which now stands in the ro- 

 tunda of the state capitol at Richmond, Va. 

 Among his other important statues are those of 

 Voltaire and Cicero. Other works of note are 

 the familiar Ecorche and his Diana the Hunt- 

 ress, made for Catharine of Russia. His works 

 show wonderful technical skill and adroitness 

 which bespeak complete mastery over his ma- 

 terial. 



HOUND, a name given to all breeds of dogs, 

 with one exception, which hunt their quarry by 

 scent. The greyhound, in spite of its name, 

 does not come under this heading, as it hunts 

 entirely by sight. All hounds, though they 

 vary greatly in appearance, are originally de- 

 rived from the old southern hound, of talbot. 

 The bloodhound is nearest in type to the origi- 

 nal breed, which has changed in some cases so 

 greatly that no resemblance to the talbot re- 

 mains. Some hounds have rough coats, while 

 others are smooth haired; it is a curious fact 

 that rough-haired hounds show great affection 

 for men, while the other varieties appear in- 

 different to them. The most commonly known 

 hounds are the bloodhound, staghound, fox- 

 hound, beagle, and dachshund. Descriptions of 

 these will be found 

 under their respective 

 titles in these vol- 

 umes. 



' HOURGLASS, a de- 

 vice formerly used for 

 measuring time. It 

 consisted of two glass 

 bulbs, placed one 

 above the other and 

 united by a narrow 

 neck, through which* a 

 quantity of sand, or 

 sometimes mercury, 

 ran in exactly an 

 hour. When all the 

 sand passed into the 

 lower part, the instru- 

 ment was reversed. 

 Similar devices in- 

 tended to measure 

 shorter intervals were 

 also appropriately 

 named, as, for example, a half-hour glass. "''A 

 smaller instrument of like construction, used 

 to indicate the required time for boiling eggs, 

 is called an egg glass. Devices patterned on 

 the same principle are still used in some coun-_ 



HOURGLASS 

 Drawn from a typ- 

 ical hourglass of a day 

 when such devices were 

 in use. 



