HUGH CAPET 



2863 



HUGHES 



to suppress the insurrection of Felix Diaz,' but 

 he soon deserted the President and headed the 

 counter-revolution which forced the latter's res- 

 ignation. He himself became provisional Presi- 

 dent; five days later Madero was murdered, 

 presumably by Huerta's order, and the new 

 government set up by Huerta was denied recog- 

 nition by the United States. 



For over a year he maintained his authority, 

 in spite of the opposition of the United States 

 and of the Constitutionalists under Carranza. 

 In April, 1914, the American flag was insulted 

 at Tampico, an episode which all but involved 

 the two countries in war, and led the United 

 States to occupy Vera Cruz. Meanwhile the 

 Constitutionalists were making such headway 

 that rumors of Huerta's resignation were soon 

 current. On July 15, 1914, he gave up his 

 office and fled to Europe, where he remained 

 until the following spring. He then bought a 

 small farm on Long Island, near New York 

 City, but after a few months started west, 

 under the pretense that he wished to visit the 

 exposition at San Francisco. His real object 

 was declared to be to start a new revolt, and 

 on July 3, 1915, he was arrested at El Paso, 

 Tex., for violating the neutrality of the United 

 States. After six months' detention he died. 

 See MEXICO, subtitle History. 



HUGH CAPET, ka'pet (939-996), the duke 

 of Francia and king of France from 987 to 996, 

 the first of the Capetian dynasty. It was not 

 until he was chosen king by the nobles as suc- 

 cessor to Louis V, the last king of the Caro- 

 lingian line, could it be said that "France has 

 a French king." His royal dominions, however, 

 were only one-twentieth part of the country 

 that is now France. The house of Capet has 

 given 118 sovereigns to Europe, which include 

 thirty-six to France, twenty-two to Portugal, 

 eleven to Naples and Sicily and five to Spain. 



HUGHES, huze, CHARLES EVANS (1862- ), 

 an American jurist and statesman, one of the 

 most courageous, independent and progressive 

 of the modern group of American public offi- 

 cials, and an unsuccessful nominee for the 

 Presidency of the United States. He was born 

 at Glens Falls, N. Y., and was educated at 

 Colgate and at Brown universities, and at the 

 Columbia Law School. His law practice, which 

 he began in New York City in 1884, was inter- 

 rupted in 1891 by his appointment as professor 

 of law at Cornell University. He resumed his 

 practice in 1893, but for several years thereafter 

 he was special lecturer at Cornell and at the 

 New York Law School. 



CHARLES EVANS HUGHES 



Hughes was brought prominently into public 

 life in 1905, when he was appointed special at- 

 torney by the New York legislature to investi- 

 gate the financial methods of the powerful life 

 insurance c o m - 

 panics of the 

 state. The thor- 

 oughness with 

 which he per- 

 formed his task 

 resulted in an 

 awakening of 

 public opinion 

 and in far-reach- 

 ing reforms, and 

 led in 1906 to his 

 election as gov- 

 ernor of New 

 York on the Republican ticket ; he defeated his 

 chief opponent, William Randolph Hearst, by 

 60,000 votes. Two years later he was reflected. 

 During his service as governor Hughes was en- 

 gaged in a ceaseless fight for reform. Through 

 his efforts a Public Service Commission Act 

 was passed, and the race tracks of the state 

 were closed. The struggle for direct primaries, 

 begun by him, was long and bitter, but it bore 

 fruit in 1913, when a law providing for that re- 

 form was passed. 



Before the end of his second term President 

 Taft appointed him an Associate Justice of the 

 Supreme Court of the United States, and he 

 resigned the governorship in the autumn of 

 1910. Because of his determination to serve 

 his country well as a member of the Supreme 

 Court and remain aloof from the rancors of 

 partisan politics, Justice Hughes consistently 

 refused to allow the Republicans to use his 

 name in connection with the contest for the 

 Presidential nomination in 1916. Without en- 

 couragement from him, however, he was named 

 as the party's standard bearer, and at once he 

 resigned his judicial position. In the Novem- 

 ber election he was defeated by his Democratic 

 opponent, President Woodrow Wilson. Within 

 two months Mr. Hughes returned to the prac- 

 tice of law in New York City. E.D.F. 



HUGHES, JAMES LAUGHLIN (1846- ), a 

 Canadian educator, for more than a generation 

 a leader in the promotion of educational prog- 

 ress. In one capacity or another he was con- 

 nected with the Toronto public schools for 

 forty-seven years, from 1867 to 1914. Dr. 

 Hughes spent his boyhood on the farm, in Dur- 

 ham County, Ont., where he was born. In 1866 

 he was graduated from the Toronto Normal 



