HUGHES 



HUGHES 



School, and in the next year was appointed a 

 teacher in the Toronto Model School. In 1871 

 he became principal of the Normal School, and 

 three years later was chosen chief inspector of 

 schools for the city of Toronto. He resigned 

 this position in 1914, after forty years of con- 

 tinuous service, to devote himself to writing 

 and lecturing. 



Dr. Hughes is well known throughout Canada 

 and the United States as a lecturer, particularly 

 on the kindergarten and other phases of mod- 

 ern education. He was the first Canadian lec- 

 turer and teacher at Chautauqua Institution, 

 New York, and was for many years a leader in 

 Canadian Sunday-school work. He was presi- 

 dent of the Elementary Department of the 

 Educational congress held in connection with 

 the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago 

 in 1893, was a delegate from Canada at the 

 British Empire League in London, England, in 

 1894, and again represented Canada in 1906 at 

 the organization of the League of Empire in 

 London. His reputation was further enhanced 

 by his writings on education, including Froe- 

 bel's Educational Laws; Dickens as an Edu- 

 cator; Mistakes in Teaching; Attention and 

 How to Retain it; and What Adulthood Should 

 Do for Childhood. G.H.L. 



HUGHES, LIEUTENANT-GENERAL SIR SAM 

 (1852- ), a Canadian soldier and political 

 leader, the organizer of the Canadian troops 

 for service in the War of the Nations. Sir 

 Sam's interest in military matters came natu- 

 rally enough, for 

 both his grand- 

 . fathers were sol- 

 diers in the Brit- 

 ish army, and a 

 great-grandfather 

 was a French 

 general under 

 Napoleon at 

 Waterloo. Like 

 his elder brother 

 James, he was 

 born on a farm 

 in Durham 

 County, Ontario, 

 where he spent his boyhood. At fourteen he 

 enlisted in the militia to defend Canada against 

 the Fenians, and thereafter was active in the 

 militia for thirty years. Three years later, in 

 1869, he was graduated from the Toronto Nor- 

 mal School. He taught school for several 

 years, worked in a railway office in Milwaukee, 

 Wis., for a year, and then for a short time was 



SIR SAM HUGHES 



engaged in mercantile life in his native county. 

 After studying law for a year in Toronto, 

 he became teacher of literature and history 

 in the Toronto Collegiate Institute, a position 

 he retained for several years. 



About 1885 he determined to enter public 

 life, and as the first step, in that year pur- 

 chased the Lindsay Warder, which he edited 

 until 1897. He was elected to the Dominion 

 House of Commons as a Conservative in 1892, 

 and has represented Victoria County, Ont., since 

 that date. While taking an active interest in 

 public affairs generally, he continued to make 

 a special study of military affairs. He was the 

 first man in the British Empire to suggest that 

 the colonies should assist the Mother Country 

 in the South African War. During the war 

 he fought as a British officer on the staff of 

 Sir Henry Settle, and earned high commenda- 

 tion for courage and resourcefulness from Lord 

 Milner, then High Commissioner for South 

 Africa. 



In 1911 he became Minister of Militia and 

 Defense in the Cabinet formed by Sir Robert 

 Borden. Immediately he took steps to develop 

 the cadet system in Canadian schools, and to 

 train the militia according to the most efficient, 

 up-to-date methods. He took with him the 

 leading officers from various parts of the 

 Dominion to witness the annual maneuvers of 

 the armies of Great Britain, France, Germany 

 and Switzerland, and in other ways tried to 

 improve the spirit and efficiency of the militia. 

 At the outbreak of the war in Europe he estab- 

 lished in Canada four of the largest camps in 

 the world for training in all branches of mili- 

 tary service. As a result he was able, six weeks 

 later, to send a well-trained and well-equipped 

 division of 33,000 men to England, and during 

 the next two years he was responsible for the 

 organization of an army of nearly 400,000 men. 

 Although it was generally admitted that no 

 other man could have accomplished as much 

 in as short a time, Sir Sam was bitterly criti- 

 cized for his methods, which were called dicta- 

 torial. Differences of opinion also arose in the 

 Cabinet and finally resulted in Sir Sam's resig- 

 nation late in 1916. G.H.L. 



HUGHES, THOMAS (1823-1895), an English 

 author who had the ability to portray incidents 

 of the daily life of the typical English school- 

 boy with a sympathy and insight that make 

 his stories a revelation of boy nature. The 

 book which won him distinction was Tom 

 Brown's School-Days, published in 1856. The 

 bulk of his literary work is insignificant when 



