HUNGARY 



2872 



HUNGARY 



Related Subjects. For further information 

 on this subject, the reader is referred to the fol- 

 lowing articles: 



Agincourt 

 Charles (France) 

 Crecy 



Edward, the Black 

 Prince 



France, subtitle 



History 



Henry (England) 

 Joan of Arc 

 Poitiers 



HUNGARY, hung' gari, a country of Europe, 

 one of the two states which comprised the 

 strangely-united Austro-Hungarian monarchy. 

 In addition to Hungary proper, it included 

 Transylvania and Croatia and Slavonia, the 

 whole forming a compact area which lay within 

 the crescent-shaped curve of Austria. Its total 

 area of 125,039 square miles was more than half 

 that of Austria-Hungary as a whole, but its 

 population of 20,886,487 was only about forty 

 per cent of the combined population. After the 



in Russia. Added to the economic distress, the 

 people desired to protest against the dismem- 

 berment of Hungary, which, iTowever, was by 

 choice of the people in the seceding territory. 



The leader of this new uprising was Bela Kun, 

 a Hungarian, who had been instructed by the 

 Russian soviet leaders. The Karolyi govern- 

 ment was overthrown, and bolshevism prevailed. 

 The same ruthless excesses as had been wit- 

 nessed in Russia marked the new rule. Bela 

 Kun lost a good deal of his popularity among 

 the "reds," for he was extremely dictatorial. 

 His troubles were emphasized by threats of in- 

 vasion from Rumania, and by pressure from 

 the allies; in August, 1919, he was shorn of 

 power and his followers scattered. 



History. The history of Hungary has been 

 a most romantic one, for through century after 



POLAND 



'i. C Z ET c H o : - r y -" JV '\. / 



THE OLD AND THE NEW HUNGARY 



At the left the black area was the old kingdom of Hungary, a part of the dual monarchy of Austria- 

 Hungary ; at the right is the new Hungary of 1919, with the new states north and south. 



century its people, brave, high-spirited and in- 

 dependent, have had to fight not only to keep 

 from submitting to the domination of some 

 Germanic power, but also to hold back the 

 hordes of Turks from the south. 



The Hungarians, whose name for themselves 

 is Magyars, are not to be confused with the 

 Huns who helped to bring about the destruc- 

 tion of the Roman Empire. Entering the pres- 

 ent territory of Hungary in 906, these relatives 

 of the Finns drove the Slavic tribes from the 

 basin of the middle Danube and made numer- 

 ous settlements. They pushed up the Danube 

 till they came in contact with the Germans, who 

 occupied the upper course of the river from 

 about Pressburg west, but before the end of the 

 tenth century they were permanently driven 

 back from the German lands by Otto the 

 Great. With their acceptance of Christianity 

 in 1000 by Stephen, the first crowned king of 

 the nation, a new life began for the Hungarians. 



defeat of the Central Empires in the War of 

 the Nations Hungary was shorn of most of its 

 territory, new states being formed and recog- 

 nized by the great powers, on the theory of "self 

 determination of peoples." The accompanying 

 maps tell the story of its downfall. 



Under the proper subheadings of the article 

 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY is to be found a discussion 

 of the surface and drainage. 



The Government. The former ruler was the 

 king of Hungary, who was also emperor of Aus- 

 tria. When Charles I was deposed in No- 

 vember, 1918, immediately after the defeat of 

 German arms, a republic was proclaimed at 

 Budapest, and Count Michael Karolyi was 

 named as temporary President. There was at 

 the time no opposition to this movement, but 

 later the people were driven to desperation by 

 hunger and almost entire lack of the necessities 

 of life, and another revolution was inaugurated 

 by bolshevist propagandists, inspired by Lenine 



