HYKSOS 



thermometer (the dry) indicates the tempera- 

 ture of the atmosphere; the other (the wet) 

 has its bulb covered with muslin or candle- 

 wicking, which is kept moist. The evapora- 

 tion of the water in the muslin reduces the 

 temperature of the wet bulb until moisture 

 collects on the tube of this thermometer. The 

 temperature at which moisture begins to col- 

 lect is the dew point, or point of saturation of 

 the atmosphere. By reference to tables which 



FIG. 2 

 The "direct-reading" type of hygrometer. 



have been carefully worked out the observer 

 is able to determine at once the degree of 

 humidity. 



For the best results the hygrometer should 

 be mounted so that it can be rotated rapidly, 

 or a strong current of air should be forced 

 against it by an electric fan. Fig. 2 shows a 

 self-reading hygrometer constructed on the 

 same principle. By use of the indicator the 

 humidity is easily determined. See HUMIDITY. 

 HYKSOS, hik'soze, a line of kings which 

 ruled for an uncertain period of time in Egypt, 

 beginning about 1700 B.C. They belonged to 

 wandering tribes which came in with their 

 flocks and took possession of the Nile delta, 

 and for this reason were called the Shepherd 

 Kings. They are believed to have been the 

 first to introduce horses and chariots into 

 Egyptian warfare. The Pharaoh of the time of 

 Joseph is supposed to have been one of the 

 Hyksos. 



HYMNS 



HYMEN, hi' men, originally the name of a 

 marriage song among the Greeks, but later 

 applied by them to the god of marriage, whose 

 blessing was invoked at every wedding. He 

 was generally regarded as a son of Apollo and 

 a Muse, but sometimes of Dionysus and 

 Aphrodite. In art he is represented as a youth 

 of delicate beauty, wearing a crown of flowers 

 and carrying a torch. 



I HYMENOPTERA, hi men op' ter a, a Latin 

 word formed from two Greek words, hymen, 

 meaning membrane, and pteron, meaning wing, 

 hence membrane-winged. It is the name of an 

 order of insects which includes ants, bees, 

 ! wasps, etc. See INSECTS. 



i HYMNS, NATIONAL, are songs accepted by 

 the people of a country as embodying expres- 

 sions of national sentiment, generally inspired 

 by some great crisis through which a nation 

 has passed. National hymns divide themselves 

 into two classes: the popular tunes or songs 

 which are peculiar to a certain people or which 

 are universal among them; and the hymn or 

 hymns which, by legislative enactment, royal 

 decree or by precedent, are sung or played on 

 ceremonial occasions or at public gatherings. 

 Sometimes the two are the same. Patriotic 

 songs, or national anthems, are closely inter- 

 twined with history and most generally spring 

 up spontaneously in response to some urgent 

 need; seldom are they deliberately thought 

 out and created according to a preconceived 

 plan. 



Every country has its song or ballad which 

 serves as inspiration in times of peril. Patri- 

 otic feeling always seeks utterance in verse 

 and music; and the powerful influence of the 

 song and ballad in bringing about great changes 

 in national life, whether religious, reformatory 

 or revolutionary, can be attested to in the 

 history of every country in the world. There 

 are four stages in the history of the develop- 

 ment of national music: folk music; national 

 music, involving folk music; music in praise 

 of ruler or institutions; and patriotic music, 

 the national hymn. The following list gives 

 the specified or accepted national hymns of 

 the various important nations: 



Austria; Gott erhalte unsern Kaiser (God pre- 

 serve our Emperor). Music by Haydn; words 

 by Hauschka (1797). 



Brazil ; Hymn of the Proclamation of the Re- 

 public. Words by Miguez. 



Canada ; Maple Leaf. See MAPLE LEAF, 



Danish ; Kong Christian. Words by Ewald ; 

 music by Johann E. Hartmann. 



Dutch ; Wien Neerlandsch Bloed. Wo r ds by 



