HYPATIA 



2896 



HYPNOTISM 



Heber's father-in-law, Dr. Shipley, the vicar of 

 Wrexham, requested him to write something for 

 his congregation to sing the following morning, 

 Whitsunday, 1819. Heber retired to a distant 

 part of the room and on the spur of the moment 

 wrote the five verses which have since remained 

 the matchless missionary hymn of Christendom. 

 The melody to which it is sung in America was 

 composed by Dr. Lowell Mason ; like the verses, 

 the music was written at a sitting. 



My I nil I. Looks Up to Thee, by Ray Palmer 

 <1808-1887), is another splendid declaration of 

 trust and confidence in God. It was written in 

 1875, and the author had not the slightest thought 

 of its ever being adopted as a song for worship. 

 'Conscious of his own spiritual needs, Dr. Palmer 

 put upon paper the thoughts which filled his mind 

 as he sat one afternoon in the quiet of his own 

 room, away from all outward excitement. Dr. 

 ILowell Mason also composed the melody for this 

 r hymn. 



Stand Up, Stand Up for Jesus, one of Amer- 

 ica's most popular and soul-stirring hymns, was 

 written by Dr. George Duffield (1818-1888) and 

 repeated at the close of his sermon to give empha- 

 sis to the dying words of his friend, the Rev. 

 Dudley Tyng. When he realized that the end 

 was near and he was asked what he wished to 

 say to his friends and associates, Tyng whispered 

 his dying message : "Tell them, 'Let us all stand 

 up for Jesus.' " These words were immortalized 

 by Dr. Duffield in his hymn to follow his sermon 

 of eulogy for his young friend. 



Lead, Kindly Light, by John Henry Newman 

 '(1801-1890), is the author's prayer of a storm- 

 tossed soul for guidance to the light. The poem 

 was written in 1833, while the author was in 

 Southern Europe because of ill health. The spir- 

 itual unrest of the day, the result of the Oxford 

 Movement, which in 1845 led Newman to unite 

 with the Roman Catholic Church, had begiin to 

 fix its 'grip on him. It was during this period of 

 anxtoty for the future of the Established Church 

 itha'c the noble hymn was written. While on a 

 Vjat bound for Marseilles, during a great calm 

 *lhat quieted the waters of the Mediterranean, the 

 brilliant young minister, longing for home and 

 weakened by mental and physical suffering, wrote 

 his fervent prayer. The musical setting for it 

 was composed by Dr. John B. Dykes as he walked 

 along the Strand, in London. R.D.M. 



Consult Butterworth and Brown's Stories of 

 the Hymns and Tunes; Morrison's The Great 

 Hymns of the Church: Their Origin and Author- 

 ship. 



HYPATIA, hi pa' she a (about 355-415), a 

 wise and beautiful Greek woman and a philoso- 

 pher, who appears as the heroine in Charles 

 Kingsley's Hypatia. Her father gave her all 

 the training in philosophy which could be ob- 

 tained in that age, and she was equipped to 

 succeed him as a lecturer at Alexandria. Her 

 fame drew students from all parts of the East. 

 Cyril, the bishop of Alexandria, grew jealous 

 of her power, and one evening some of the 

 lower clergy, whose anger had been kindled 

 against her, seized her as she was returning 



home in a carriage. They dragged her through 

 the streets of Alexandria to a church called 

 Caesareum, where she was murdered. 



HYPERION, hipe'rion, in the oldest leg- 

 ends of Greece, was one of the twelve children 

 of Uranus and Gaea, who constituted a race 

 of giants known as the Titans (which see). 

 Uranus, fearing the power of his gigantic off- 

 spring, shut them up in the lower regions, but 

 Gaea loosed the bonds of Cronus, the most dar- 

 ing of the twelve. He then set free his broth- 

 ers and sisters and to each gave a portion of 

 the world to govern. To Hyperion was as- 

 signed the direction of the sun, which he drove 

 across the sky each day -in a golden chariot. In 

 later mythology Hyperion was identified with 

 Apollo, god of the sun. See APOLLO. 



HYPNOTISM, hip'notis'm. The state of 

 hypnosis is one of partial sleep, with peculiar 

 loss and retention of powers under the influ- 

 ence of an increased suggestibility. This condi- 

 tion comes under the conception of dissociation 

 (see SUBCONSCIOUS). Such trancelike states 

 (like sleep-walking, religious possession, and 

 possibly the state in which the oracles gave 

 pronouncements) have been known from an- 

 cient times. Historically it is not necessary to 

 go back farther than the practices of healers in 

 curing disease in the seventeenth and eight- 

 eenth centuries. Some of these used religious 

 methods (exorcism), while all made a forcible 

 appeal to faith (see FAITH CURE). They may 

 or may not have induced an abnormal state, 

 but clearly made use of the exalted suggesti- 

 bility of the patients. Two other notions that 

 prevailed were (1) that the cure was due to 

 some cosmic force similar to that employed in 

 magic (which see), and (2) that the power re- 

 sided in the special gift of the healer. 



F. A. Mesmer (1733-1815) revived these no- 

 tions in his doctrine of "animal magnetism," a 

 theory that he first stated in his medical thesis 

 on The Influence of the Planets on the Human 

 Body. He began by using magnetic plates in 

 his treatment, but soon announced that the 

 magnetic fluid flowed from his own person. 

 Mesmer 's career was determined by the cures 

 rather than by the procedures and by his skill 

 in appealing to the popular imagination. He 

 went to Paris from Vienna in 1778 and soon 

 had an enormous following. He devised the 

 baquet, or wooden tub filled with bottles, pow- 

 dered glass, iron filings, etc., from which pro- 

 jected iron rods which the patients touched. 

 An impressive manner and surroundings, slow j 

 music, the passes and strokings, prestige, con- 1 



