IMPERATOR 



2936 



INCA 



(5) West H. Humphreys of Tennessee, judge 

 of the District Court of the United States, was 

 impeached in 1862 for giving support to the seces- 

 sion movement and unlawfully acting as judge 

 of the Confederate District Court. He was found 

 guilty and removed from office. 



(6) Andrew Johnson, President of the United 

 States, was impeached in 1868 for violating the 

 Tenure of Office Act, for corrupt use of the veto 

 power, interference at elections and other high 

 crimes and misdemeanors. His case came to 

 trial on March 30 and ended on May 26. Thirty- 

 five senators voted him guilty, nineteen declared 

 for his acquittal. The vote lacked one of a suffi- 

 cient number to convict, and he was therefore 

 acquitted. 



(7) William W. Belknap, Secretary of War of 

 the United States, was impeached in 1876 for 

 accepting bribes. He was acquitted. 



(8) Charles Swayne of Florida, judge of the 

 District Court of the United States, was im- 

 peached in 1905 for misconduct in office. He was 

 acquitted. 



( 9 ) Robert W. Archbald, associate judge of the 

 United States Commerce Court, was impeached in 

 1912 for entering into corrupt alliances with coal- 

 mine owners and railroad officials while in office. 

 In January, 1913, he was found guilty and re- 

 moved from office. 



(10) On June 12, 1914, District Judge Alston 

 G. Dayton of West Virginia was impeached. Pro- 

 ceedings were dropped without trial, March 15, 

 1915. 



Jurists of wisdom and experience recognize 

 the benefits arising from prosecutions of this 

 nature. Men who are high in position, influ- 

 ence and authority are sometimes brought to 

 justice in no other way. Furthermore, the sol- 

 emn nature of the proceedings, the wide public 

 attention they receive, the far-reaching effect 

 of the verdict whether it proclaims the inno- 

 cence of the accused or places him before the 

 people as one faithless to the trust imposed in 

 him all tend to make a lasting impression on 

 the public mind. E.D.F. 



IMPERATOR, impera'tor, a Latin word 

 from which the modern title emperor is de- 

 rived ; it means commander, or leader. The Ro- 

 mans gave the title to certain magistrates and 

 to victorious military commanders. During the 

 days of the republic the title carried with it no 

 suggestion of imperial power. Julius Caesar 

 used it continuously for some years previous to 

 his death, and his nephew Caesar Augustus 

 made imperator synonymous with emperor. 

 The sovereigns of Britain, as emperors of India, 

 cause the letters R. I. (Rex Imperator) to be 

 stamped on all British coins, and the king 

 signs the letters after his name on all official 

 documents, as George R. I. 



IMPERIALISM, impe'riali'zm, in modern 

 politics, a term applied to a governmental 



policy which results in the establishment of 

 political ties and expansion of territory by a 

 country beyond its own borders. In the United 

 States it has been a debated issue, as each 

 acquisition of new territory outside of the con- 

 tinental limits has met with much opposition 

 from so-called "anti-imperialists." At the close 

 of the Spanish-American War "imperialistic" 

 policies were debated with much vigor; the 

 acquisition of Porto Rico and the Philippine 

 Islands aroused the protest of many on the 

 ground that it was tending toward imperialism, 

 a word formerly used only to mean the policy 

 and character of an empire which sought terri- 

 torial extension over the globe. On December 

 2, 1901, the Supreme Court decided that a lim- 

 ited imperialism, which aims at improvement, 

 education and advancement of the population 

 was within the scope of the national govern- 

 ment. The leading country in territorial ex- 

 pansion has been Great Britain, but Germany 

 was particularly active in this respect after the 

 formation of the Empire in 1871. 



IMPRESSIONIST, impresh 1 'unist, SCHOOL 

 OF PAINTING, the name given to a modern 

 school of art, which originated in France. Its 

 followers seek to avoid the rules of composi- 

 tion, lighting, etc., which have been accepted 

 by the art of the past. On the contrary, they 

 seek to portray, with absolute truth, their per- 

 sonal and first-hand "impressions" of nature. 

 In the works of most of the impressionists lit- 

 tle care is shown in the selection of subject, 

 nor is there much regard evinced for beauty of 

 color, form or expression. Edouard Manet is 

 regarded as the founder of the school, of which 

 Claude Monet, Degas, Renoir and Pissaro are 

 among the best-known disciples. The followers 

 of the new tendency in art, known as 

 impressionists, cubists and futurists, are mem- 

 bers of this school. See CUBIST SCHOOL 

 PAINTING. 



IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. See subheat 

 in article DEBT. 



INCA, ing'ka, the name of a wonderful far 

 ily of Peruvian Indians, believed by some 

 have been a royal caste or family, powerful 

 the time of Spain's conquest of the Sout 

 American continent. The war chief of the 

 tribe was called "the Inca;" this office W 

 not inherited, but was usually filled by selec 

 tion. The tribal dialect was called Quichi 

 When Huayna Capac ascended the throne 

 the Incas in 1475, the empire reached its 

 mit of splendor. Its government was 

 strongest and finest in South America. 



