INDIANS 



2968 



INDIANS 



ferred to white men in return for whisky. In 

 both countries the sale to the Indians of whisky 

 or its substitutes is now heavily punished by 

 law. 



In the United States there have been hun- 

 dreds of wars with the Indians, the last end- 

 ing with the surrender of the Apaches in 1886. 

 Many of these were caused by unjust actions 

 of white men, or by such harsh measures of the 

 government as the forcible removal of a tribe 

 from one home to another. Canada was more 

 successful in its treatment of natives, partly 

 because the early French settlers were more 



individual division of the tribal land.-'. In 

 Canada the natives are still -kept apart, in 

 most instances; some of the provinces do not 

 permit them to become citizens. 



Official relations of the United States with 

 Indians began during the Revolution, when 

 agents were appointed to live among the tribes 

 and secure their friendship. Afterward, as 

 civilization pressed westward, the Indians were 

 called upon to cede lands around trading posts, 

 then others more distant, and finally all but 

 those set aside as reservations, and even these 

 have now largely disappeared. Till 1849 the 



TYPES OF COSTUMES IN 1916 

 The picturesque Indian of the past has not entirely disappeared. The illustration is from a photc 

 graph taken in Northern Idaho in 1916.. 



friendly with them than the English, partly 

 because of the Hudson's Ba'y Company's fair- 

 ness in dealing with them, and also no doubt 

 because of a more cordial attitude of the gov- 

 ernment in the early days. The only outbreak 

 of importance since colonial times was Kiel's 

 Rebellion of half-breeds in 1884 (see KIEL, 

 Louis). 



Nearly forty per cent of the Indians of the 

 United States still maintain their tribal rela- 

 tions, treated as nations within the nation. 

 But since 1887 the policy of the government 

 has been to abolish the independence of the In- 

 dians and to make them citizens of the states 

 in which they live. This is being brought 

 about gradually through education and through 



War Department was in charge of Indian af- 

 fairs; since then there has been assigned 

 them a bureau in the Interior Department, f( 

 which Congress annually appropriates me 

 than $10,000,000. 



The government's policy has on the wh( 

 been generous and just, though its 

 have not infrequently been tyrannical and in 

 friendly to their charges. The main criticisr 

 of official treatment of the Indians are 

 infertile lands have sometimes been assij 

 to them and that they have been forced 

 abandon their old homes for new when whit 

 men coveted them. 



The British North America Act reserves 

 the Dominion Government the control 



