INJECTOR 



2994 



INJUNCTION 



empowered to indorse or condemn a law passed 

 by the legislature or city council why should 

 not the same power take the first steps towards 

 enacting laws? Frequently lawmakers, for rea- 

 sons of their own, refuse to reflect the popu- 

 lar will and fail to enact laws the people 

 demand, even though they are elected as the 

 people's representatives. Under such condi- 

 tions the initiative is a useful instrument, and 

 by its operation the whole body of voters may 

 become their own lawmakers, both in city and 

 state. 



Laws governing the initiative naturally vary. 

 They are simplest in operation in cities, because 

 issues are possibly better understood in small 

 areas, the preparatory task less difficult and the 

 number of voters smaller. In a state, however, 

 the measure is fully as successful, even if a 

 little more complicated. A small percentage of 

 voters of a state, varying from five to twenty- 

 five per cent, may file with the Secretary of 

 State, or other designated officer, a petition 

 for a needed law. Then the measure must 

 come before the legislature, without amend- 

 ment of any kind. If the latter rejects the 

 proposition, in some states such action puts an 

 end to the matter, while in others it serves to 

 bring the question to a vote of the people of 

 the state, over the head of the legislature, in a 

 manner prescribed by law. 



If carried by them it becomes a statute, for 

 the governor is not permitted to veto a meas- 

 ure so passed. The most advanced initiative 

 measure now in force provides that when the 

 people petition for a law, the proposal is put 

 up to the people for decision without reference 

 first to the legislature. The latter body, in 

 such instance, has no part in passing or reject- 

 ing the measure. The first provision of this 

 kind was embodied in the Oregon constitution , 

 in 1902; the second, in Oklahoma in 1907. In 

 a city the procedure is practically the same as 

 in the state; the petition is presented to the 

 city clerk, usually; the lawmaking body is the 

 board of aldermen; the mayor cannot inter- 

 pose a veto. In some cities a petition is sent 

 direct to the board of aldermen, who must at 

 once enact the measure into an ordinance or 

 provide for its submission to vote of the 

 people. 



In the beginning of the year 1917 initiative 

 and referendum laws were in force in twenty- 

 one states. R.E.B. 



INJECTOR, injek'ter, a word derived from 

 the Latin injicere, meaning to throw in, is 

 applied to a mechanical appliance for supplying 



water to a boiler. The injector was invented 

 by a Frenchman named Henri Giffard, and 

 improvements upon his device are now in use 

 on all modern boilers. It consists of an appara- 

 tus by which a jet of 

 steam is brought into 

 contact with a 

 stream of water from 

 a supply pipe. The 

 steam, cooling, is 

 condensed and im- 

 parts to the water a 

 force sufficient to 

 overcome a pressure 

 equal to the pres- 

 sure of the steam 

 jet. The force thus 

 accumulated drives 

 the water through a 

 pipe, from which it 

 is admitted to the 

 boiler by means of 

 a check valve which 

 prevents back flow 

 or escape of water 

 already in the boiler. 

 The supply of water 

 and steam can be 

 regulated or alto- 

 gether stopped by 

 means of valves. 



INJECTOR 



Parts are explained in 

 the text. 



The accompanying illustration explains the 

 principles of this useful device. Steam is ad- 

 mitted through the inlet i, forcing the air out 

 of the tube it, creating a vacuum in the water 

 inlet at v, causing water to enter and surround 

 the steam nozzle at n. The combined water 

 and steam is forced into the pipe at p, whence 

 it enters the boiler, the surplus water and 

 steam finding an outlet at o. The steam flow 

 is regulated by the handle h. 



INJUNCTION, in junk 'shun, in law, a judi- 

 cial order requiring a party to do or to abstain 

 from doing some particular act. The writ of 

 injunction was introduced as a remedy for 

 many common law abuses, and as an equitable 

 remedy it is one of the most potent. A writ 

 designed to prevent a wrong is known as pre- 

 ventive; that which operates to compel the 

 performance of an act is called mandatory. 

 In regard to the time when they are granted 

 and the period they are to remain in force, 

 injunctions are classed as preliminary, or inter- 

 locutory, and perpetual. A perpetual injunc- 

 tion is sometimes issued when, after arguments, 

 the court decides that there are in the pre- 



