INK 



2995 



INNESS 



liminary writ valid grounds for its continu- 

 ance; on the other hand, on final hearing of a 

 case, a court not infrequently grants a per- 

 petual injunction when a preliminary injunc- 

 tion has been denied. Common examples of 

 preventive injunction are those issued to pre- 

 vent violation of contracts, to protect patent 

 rights and to prevent waste; an injunction to 

 compel a person to restore a natural water- 

 course to the channel from which he had il- 

 legally diverted it would be classed as manda- 

 tory. R-E.B. 



INK, a fluid substance used in writing and 

 printing. Black writing ink is the most com- 

 mon, and the following is a good recipe for its 

 manufacture in small quantities: one pound 

 bruised nutgalls, one gallon boiling water, five 

 and one-third ounces of sulphate of iron (cop- 

 peras) in solution, three ounces gum arabic 

 previously dissolved, and a few drops of an 

 antiseptic, such as carbolic acid. Steep the 

 galls for twenty-four hours, strain the infusion, 

 and add the other ingredients. Logwood now 

 often takes the place of nutgalls because of 

 its cheapness. The iron in the copperas acts 

 upon the tannin in the solution of the nut- 

 galls and on exposure to the air turns this 

 black. Copying inks are prepared by adding 

 sugar, gum or glycerine to ordinary writing 

 inks. Colored inks are solutions of coloring 

 matter. Red ink is best prepared by dissolv- 

 ing pure carmine in ammonia; blue, by dissolv- 

 ing Prussian blue in oxalic acid; green, by dis- 

 solving one per cent methyl green in warm 

 water. 



Printing ink is made by mixing the best 

 quality of lampblack with boiled linseed oil 

 to which a small quantity of soap and rosin 

 has been added. It is thoroughly ground and 

 mixed thicker than paint. There are three 

 qualities of printing ink: newspaper inks, book 

 inks and lithographic inks. India or China 

 ink, made of lampblack in very fine condition 

 baked with a gummy substance, is the form 

 in which ink was earliest prepared, and is still 

 used in China and Japan for writing with small 

 brushes instead of pens (see INDIA INK). It is 

 prepared in the form of sticks, which are 

 rubbed down in water for -use, and is used by 

 architects, engineers and artists generally. 

 Marking ink used for marking linen is com- 

 posed of a salt of silver, usually the nitrate 

 dissolved in water and ammonia, with a little 

 coloring matter and gum for thickening. In- 

 delible, or incorrodible, ink is the name given 

 to various combinations of lampblack with 



resinous substances. To remove ink stains from 

 linen, alternately dip the parts in a weak solu- 

 tion of oxalic acid and hypochlorite of lime 

 (or soda). 



INNESS, in' is, GEORGE (1825-1894), an 

 American master of landscape art, one of the 

 greatest painters of natural scenery his country 

 has produced, and the leading landscape artist 

 of th*e early national period. He was an 

 original personality in his field of painting 

 an artist of sincere convictions and of many 

 moods and enthusiasms. His maturer art is 

 an expression of his belief that the atmosphere 

 of a picture is more important than the form, 

 and so, though the lines of his landscapes often 

 seem indistinct, in poetic sentiment and in 

 their light and color they are wonderfully 

 beautiful. Inness was born in Newburgh, N. Y. 

 His parents recognized his liking for art and 

 gave him what advantages for study the times 

 then afforded, but the boy was too independent 

 and impatient to profit by his instruction. In- 

 deed it was not until he had studied in France 

 for a year, in 1854, that he began to paint in 

 the style that is characteristic of him; espe- 

 cially was he influenced by the painters of the 

 Barbizon school (see BARBIZON PAINTERS). 



On returning to America he opened a studio 

 in Brooklyn, N. Y., then removed to Medfield, 

 Mass. Near the latter city is the charming 

 rural landscape which he reproduced in his 

 well-known Medfield Meadows. In 1862 he 

 took up his residence in Eagleswood, N. J., and 

 during the last years of his life lived in or near 

 New York City. He died while traveling 

 in Scotland. Many honors, both at home and 

 abroad, were accorded him. He was made a 

 member of the National Academy and of the 

 Society of American artists, and his American 

 Sunset was selected as a representative work of 

 American art for the Paris Exposition of 1867. 

 In the days of his early painting his pictures 

 could be purchased for $25; just after his death 

 they sold for $2,000 and $3,000. 



An especially fine collection of Inness paint- 

 ings, to which a room is devoted, is possessed 

 by the Art Institute of Chicago. There are 

 his Catskill Mduntains, Millpond, Florida 

 Pines, Threatening, Rainbow after a Storm and 

 others; the Metropolitan Museum, New York, 

 has a collection of seven, including Peace and 

 Plenty, Delaware Valley and Spring Blossoms. 

 His well-known Georgia Pines and Niagara are 

 hanging in the National Gallery at Washing- 

 ton, D. C., and he is also represented in the 

 galleries of other American cities. R.D.M. 



