IRELAND 



3054 



IRIS 



Other Items of Interest. The Catholics of 

 Southern Ireland refer to the northern Prot- 

 estant part of the island as the "Black North." 



On a hill in Donegal there is a flat rock 

 which is believed to have the power of ward- 

 ing off homesickness forever from any who 

 sleep on it. Many emigrants, therefore, leav- 

 ing their beloved Donegal, spend their last 

 night on this hard couch. 



Though Cromwell reduced much of Ireland, 

 and though the visitor who to-day inquires 

 about a ruined castle is likely to be told that 

 "Crummle desthroyed it," the Irish do not 

 hate the memory of Cromwell. They have a 

 great respect and admiration for real manhood 

 wherever they see it, and they do not fail 

 to recognize it in this man who once and for 

 all subdued much of the island. 



Despite the fact that the peasants of Ireland 

 have emigrated in great numbers, they have 

 in general an abhorrence of travel, dnd very 

 few of them ever are tempted to leave their 

 own county unless it is absolutely necessary. 



In some of the mountainous districts of 

 Northern Ireland the people resort to as re- 

 markable expedients as do the Chinese to 

 produce their^ crops. They sometimes toil- 

 somely carry earth up the hillside and spread 

 it over a little ledge, on which the seeds are 

 then sown. A.MC c. 



Consult Johnson and Spencer's Ireland's Story; 

 Joyce's Child's History of Ireland; Yeats' Irish 

 Fairy and Folk Tales. 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes are related more or less closely to 

 certain phases of the geography, history or life of 

 Ireland : 



CITIES AND TOWNS 



Belfast 



Cork 



Dublin 



Limerick 

 Queenstown 



HISTORY 



Cromwell, Oliver O'Connell, Daniel 



Druids Parnell, Charles Stewart 



Emmet, Robert Patrick, Saint 



Gladstone, William E. Round Towers 



Henry VIII Strafford, Earl of 



Home Rule War of the Nations 



Barley 



Plax 



Linen 



LEADING PRODUCTS 



Oats 



Potato 



Ship 



Irish Sea 

 Killarney (lakes) 



WATERS 



Saint George's Channel 

 Shannon 



UNCLASSIFIED 



Blarney Stone Hibernia 



Emerald Isle Shamrock 



Giants' Causeway Sinn Fein 



IRELAND, JOHN (1838-1918), archbishop of 

 Saint Paul, Minn., since 1888, an active and 

 influential factor in colonizing the Northwest 

 and in establishing the Catholic University in 

 Washington. To his many reform movements 

 he brought the 

 enthusiasm, 

 energy and abil- 

 ity of a born 

 leader. He was 

 born in County 

 Kilkenny, Ire- 

 land, and was 

 educated for the 

 priesthood in 

 France. Soon 

 after his ordina- 

 tion, in 1861, he ARCHBISHOP IRELAND 



became prominent as a temperance advocate. 

 He traveled for the cause all over the United 

 States, and carried the battle into Ireland and 

 Great Britain. From the liquor problem he 

 turned his attention to the evils of congestion 

 of immigrants in tenements. He purchased 

 two great tracts of land in Western Minne- 

 sota and within the first year succeeded in 

 placing over nine hundred Catholic colonists 

 on prairie farms. He is an aggressive Ameri- 

 can, to whom his Church is indebted for many 

 of its large activities, social as well as spiritual. 



IRID'IUM, the heaviest substance known, 

 more than 22.5 times heavier than water. 

 Iridium is a whitish metal found in connec- 

 tion with platinum, and takes its name from 

 the variety of colors it displays when dissolv- 

 ing in hydrochloric-acid. It forms alloys with 

 gold, copper and platinum. The gold alloy 

 resembles the pure metal; that with copper is 

 very hard, and that with platinum is some- 

 times used for making standard measures, such 

 as the yard and the meter. Iridium ores occur 

 on the Pacific coast of the United States and 

 Canada and in the Ural Mountains. 



I'RIS, a family of plants closely related to 

 the lilies, whose home is in the marshes and 

 wet meadows of the north temperate zone in 

 both hemispheres. The leaves, rising from 

 bulb or rootstock, are narrow and erect, like 

 blades of grass; the flowers resemble some of 

 the lilies, and range in color from white through 

 blues and lavenders to deep purple. Some of 

 the German branch of the family, which have 

 long been cultivated, show glorious yellows, 

 bronzes and reds. The more common Ameri- 

 can irises are the large blue flag of the marshes 

 and the smaller purple flag. 



