ITALY 



3083 



ITALY 



In 



AT HEIGHT OP NAPOLEON'S POWER 



( 1 ) French Empire 



(2) Switzerland 



(3) Bavaria 



(4) Kingdom of Italy 



(5) Kingdom of Naples 



(6) Kingdom of Sicily 



(7) Kingdom of Sardinia 



DIVIDED BY THE CONGRESS OF VIENNA 

 (1) France 

 (2 Savoy (to France, 1860) 



(3 Switzerland 



(4 Nice (to France, 1860) 



( 5 Piedmont 



(6) Lombardy 



(7) Venetia 



(8) Duchy of Parma 



(9) Duchy of Modena ; (10) Grand Duchy of Tuscany ; (11) Papal States; (12) Kingdom of the 

 Two Sicilies; (13) Corsica; (14) Sardinia. 



oldest reigning house in Europe, which held 

 first Piedmont, and later, after the War of the 

 Spanish Succession, received Sicily as well. 

 Still later, Sicily was taken away from the 

 Savoy possessions, and Sardinia was given in 

 exchange, and it was the growth of a real Italy 

 around this apparently unpromising center 

 which developed one of the romances of nine- 

 teenth-century history. 



The French Revolution. Italy still lay tor- 

 pid, however, submitting with scarce a protest 

 to Bourbon and Hapsburg rule. But during 

 the latter part of the eighteenth century the 

 awakening was beginning, for the same forces 

 which resulted in the great revolution in France 

 made Italy restless, too. When the French 

 Revolution actually broke out, Italy attempted 

 to join in the coalition against France, and as a 

 result Napoleon invaded the peninsula and in 

 a spirited campaign crushed all resistance and 

 made of Italy a French dependency. The 

 Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 gave Venice 

 to Austria a cession of long-lasting impor- 

 tance; and from the rest of Italy created five 

 republics, with Milan, Genoa, Rome, Bologna 

 and Naples as capitals. When Napoleon with- 



drew, the Italians rose in arms and drove out 

 the French, but by a single battle in 1800 

 Napoleon reasserted his sway, and later, when 

 he made himself emperor, he rearranged the 

 provinces as suited him, making of Naples 

 a kingdom for his brother Joseph. Even Rome 

 was taken over by Napoleon, while the Pope 

 removed to France. Although lasting only 

 until 1814, Napoleon's distribution of the terri- 

 tories of Italy had a lasting effect, for by blot- 

 ting out old boundary lines it made the people 

 forget their old provincial divisions and awak- 

 ened them to the fact that they were all Ital- 

 ians. Indeed, the desire for independence and 

 nationality really was born during this period. 

 Early Stages of the Struggle. In 1815 came 

 the Congress of Vienna, and its rulings left 

 Italy just about where it had been before 

 largely in the hands of Austria and the Papacy. 

 The House of Savoy, which had been driven 

 out during the revolutionary times, received 

 again its kingdom of Sardinia, the kingdom 

 of the Two Sicilies went again to the Bourbon 

 Ferdinand, and the Pope recovered all the 

 states of the Church; but elsewhere Austria 

 was all-powerful. All the growing wishes for 



