JAMES 



3109 



JAMES BAY 



Although he is best known as a novelist, he 

 also ranks high as an essayist. His essays in- 

 clude Transatlantic Sketches; Portraits of 

 Places; French Poets and Novelists; The 

 Biography of Hawthorne; Partial Portraits; A 

 Little Tour in France, and others. Although 

 a native of New York City, Mr. James lived 

 abroad since he was twenty-six years of age; 

 he became a naturalized Englishman in 1915, 

 to show his sympathy for the allies in the War 

 of the Nations. 



Mr. James' writings were difficult to under- 

 stand. He was given to an intricate style in 

 which the reader became lost in the mechanics 

 of the sentence. One author called his novels 

 "marvels of cleverness but splendidly unread- 

 able." 



JAMES, SAINT, called the Greater, one of 

 the Apostles of Jesus, by whom he was found 

 with his brother John mending nets on the 

 shore of Galilee with their father Zebedee. 

 The two brothers were chosen among the first 

 four Apostles, and their names are always 

 mentioned together in the Bible. Whenever a 

 selection was made from the twelve for any 

 special purpose, the brothers were always of 

 the number. They were among the four pres- 

 ent at the raising to life of Jairus' daughter 

 and among the three at the transfiguration and 

 also at the agony in the Garden of Gethse- 

 mane. James is the first and only Apostle 

 whose martyrdom is recorded in the New 

 Testament; he was slain by Herod Agrippa in 

 A. D. 44. Christ gave the brothers the name 

 of Boanerges, or sons of thunder, because they 

 were naturally ambitious and ardent, but after 

 the day of Pentacost their energy was directed 

 towards high and holy things. 



JAMES, SAINT, believed to have been the 

 Lord's brother or cousin, and the head of the 

 Church at Jerusalem from its organization. 

 Many facts concerning the "brethren of the 

 Lord" give an outline of his life. As head of 

 the Church and board of elders his life work 

 was naturally to help the Jews in the difficul- 

 ties which they had to overcome before adopt- 

 ing Christianity. They gave him the name of 

 "the Just" because he was so fair to the Jewish- 

 Christian conscience. After the reference to 

 James in Acts XXI, 18, which was in A. D. 58, 

 there is no further mention of him in the Bible, 

 but secular history relates that he was mur- 

 dered in A. D. 62 during a mob uprising of the 

 Jews. 



Epistle of James, the first of the seven epis- 

 tles in the New Testament addressed to Chris- 



tians in general. The book, written by Saint 

 James, emphasizes works as the proof of faith; 

 its object was to reform the lately-Christia^i- 

 ized Jews and encourage them in the trials to 

 which they were exposed. 



JAMES, WILLIAM (1842-1910), the most dis- 

 tinguished of American psychologists and the 

 brother of Henry James, the novelist, was born 

 in New York City. His early education was 

 received under tutors, at home and abroad, but 

 he studied later at the Lawrence Scientific 

 School and in 1869 received the M. D. degree 

 from the Harvard University Medical School. 

 From 1872 to 1907 he taught at Harvard, his 

 subjects being successively anatomy, physi- 

 ology, philosophy and psychology. In 1899- 

 1901 he was Gifford lecturer on natural religion 

 at the University of Edinburgh, and in 1809 

 Hibbert lecturer on philosophy at Manchester 

 College, Oxford. 



His Principles of Psychology appeared in 

 1890, and at once won him international recog- 

 nition as a leader of the analytical psycholo- 

 gists. Several of the theories which he ad- 

 vanced, notably that of the "fringe of con- 

 sciousness," attracted wide attention. The 

 fresh and charming style in which this and his 

 other works were written gave rise to the state- 

 ment that William James should have been the 

 novelist, while his brother, with his involved 

 analysis of mental processes, should have been 

 the psychologist. 



James's work in philosophy was noteworthy 

 also, although he founded no definite system. 

 His Pragmatism a New Name for Some Old 

 Ways of Thinking aroused much opposition, 

 but attracted also zealous advocates. Besides 

 the works mentioned above, James wrote The 

 Will to Believe; A Briefer Course in Psy- 

 chology, which became very widely used as a 

 college textbook; Human Immortality; The 

 Meaning of Truth and Talks on Psychology 

 and Life's Ideals. A.MC c. 



JAMES BAY, the southern extension of the 

 great inland sea known as Hudson Bay, in the 

 northeastern part of Canada. The bay was 

 named in honor of the English navigator, 

 Thomas James, who explored it in 1631 and 

 1633 in the endeavor to discover the oft-sought 

 Northwest Passage to the Pacific (see NORTH- 

 WEST PASSAGE). It is about 300 miles long 

 and 160 miles wide, and contains a number of 

 islands, Agomska, with a length of seventy 

 miles, being the largest. Among the large 

 rivers flowing into the bay are the Moose, 

 Noddawai and Albany. Moose Factory, at the 



