JELLICOE 



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JENKS 



cending the throne, he purchased the favor of 

 Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, by rich gifts, 

 and this event was recorded on the black 

 obelisk which is now in the British Museum. 

 However, the twenty-eight years of his reign 

 were not very prosperous. The nation weak- 

 ened considerably, but God promised him that 

 four generations of his family should rule in 

 Israel. 



The modern expression, "to drive like Jehu," 

 which means to drive rapidly, arose from the 

 Biblical description of Jehu's approach to the 

 city when he attacked Jehoram. The watch- 

 man on the tower saw him coming and said, 

 "The driving is like the driving of Jehu the 

 son of Nimshi; for he driveth furiously" (II 

 Kings IX, 20). 



JELLICOE, jel'iko, SIR JOHN RUSH WORTH 

 (1859- ), a Vice-admiral in the British navy 

 and commander-in-chief of the Home Fleet 

 since 1914, was educated at Rottingdean and 

 entered the navy at the age of thirteen. He 

 served in 1882 in the Egyptian War, where he 

 won a medal. Soon after he obtained three 

 certificates for lieutenant, and the next year 

 he won a prize of about $400 at the Royal 

 Naval College. He served in China from 1898 

 to 1901, and was chief of staff to Vice-Admiral 

 Seymour during the attempted relief of Peking 

 in the Boxer rising. The Order of the Red 

 Eagle was conferred upon him by the Em- 

 peror of Germany for his work in China. He 

 was made rear-admiral in 1907 and given a 

 command with the Home Fleet, of which he 

 became commander-in-chief in 1914. He was 

 commander of the British fleet in the Battle 

 of Jutland, May 3, 1916. See WAR OF THE 

 NATIONS. 



JELLY, jel'i, the name applied to any semi- 

 solid, tremulous vegetable or animal substance 

 which liquifies when exposed to heat. A vege- 

 table jelly is made by boiling the juices of 

 fruit with sugar, in the proportion usually of 

 one part of sugar to one part of juice. In- 

 vestigations have determined that unripe fruits 

 contain a compound of carbon, hydrogen and 

 oxygen, called pectose. As the fruit ripens, 

 this substance is changed into pectin by the 

 action of a ferment in the fruit called pectase. 

 The juice of ripe fruits contains a large quan- 

 tity of this substance, which on being heated 

 to a temperature of 105 F. is converted into 

 one or more substances whose character has 

 not been completely determined, but which 

 gelatinize, or jelly, when cooled. Jellies which 

 have been boiled for the proper length of time 

 197 



(varying according to the quantity and kind 

 of fruit juice) and which are carefully sealed 

 so as rigidly to exclude air, will keep for an 

 indefinite period (see FOOD PRODUCTS, PRESERVA- 

 TION OF). 



Animal jelly is a colorless, transparent, elas- 

 tic substance which is rapidly soluble in hot 

 water. It is produced by boiling with water 

 the muscles, cartilage and skins of animals. 

 Bones, when finely crushed and subjected to 

 the combined actions of high-pressure steam 

 and water, yield a strong jelly. 



JEL'LYFISH, the name commonly applied 

 to several species of free-swimming marine 

 animals because of their transparent, jelly like 

 appearance. They have a saucer-shaped body, 

 termed the umbrella, on the under side of 

 which is the mouth. When cast up on the 

 beach their general structural characteristics 

 have been destroyed, and their bodies are liter- 

 ally jellylike masses. They are most numerous 

 in tropical seas, and among them are speci- 

 mens of great beauty. A species is sometimes 

 found on the coast of New England and in the 

 North Atlantic; it is called the blue jellyfish, 

 is nearly two feet in diameter and has long, 

 stringlike tentacles filled with stinging hairs 

 which are poisonous and especially irritating to 

 bathers and fishermen. 



JENA, ya'nah, a town in the grand duchy 

 of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Germany, of educa- 

 tional and historic fame, situated ten miles 

 southeast of Weimar. It is the seat of the 

 celebrated Jena University, which has acquired 

 distinction in recent times through its depart- 

 ments of biology, philosophy and theology, and 

 which, through its school of practice, has exer- 

 cised great influence on education in England 

 and America. The university library contains 

 270,000 volumes. The town also contains the 

 famous Zeiss Optical Works, its chief manu- 

 factory. Population, 1910, 38,480. 



Battle of Jena. Near the town of Jena, on 

 October 14, 1806, was fought one of the great 

 battles of the Napoleonic wars, in which about 

 65,000 Prussians, under Prince Hohenlohe, were 

 defeated by a French army of 100,000. 



JENKS, JEREMIAH WHIPPLE (1856- ), an 

 American economist and educator, whose views 

 on national life, formed in his work as govern- 

 ment expert on various commissions, are well 

 described in recent books, The Immigration 

 Problem and The Making of a Nation. He 

 was born at Saint Clair, Mich. After graduat- 

 ing from the state university and receiving his 

 doctor's degree at the University of Halle in 



