JERUSALEM 



3143 



JESUITS 



the old gates, eight in number, are still in 

 existence. The interior of the city is marked 

 by narrow and crooked streets, some so narrow 

 as scarcely to admit of the entrance of light. 

 The sanitation of the city leaves much to be 

 desired, but viewed from a distance the situa- 

 tion of the old sacred center is most impres- 

 sive. The famous mosque, the Church of the 

 Holy Sepulcher, and the chief synagogue, with 

 many smaller mosques, make it a place of 

 unusual picturesqueness. 



Roads lead out from the city in all direc- 

 tions and a railroad has been in operation for 

 some time between Jerusalem and Jaffa. Plans 

 have been perfected for some time for a rail- 

 road net through Palestine which, when com- 

 pleted, will connect Jerusalem with Damascus 

 to the northeast; with Haifa and Beirut to the 

 west and northwest, and which will extend 

 south through the wilderness of Sinai to the 

 Suez Canal. The most marked change during 

 the past decade has been the influx of many 

 Jews, who now form by far the bulk of the 

 population. This migration forms part of the 

 Zionist movement, and strong efforts are being 

 made to direct the newcomers into avenues 

 of industrial and agricultural activities. 



During the War of the Nations. Before the 

 end of 1915 Jerusalem had become again a 

 great military center. The city and vicinity 

 were crowded with the soldiers and military 

 equipment of the Turkish Empire, and the old 

 cloisters and pilgrim hospices were thronged 

 with the sultan's hosts. Not since the days of 

 the Crusades had such things been witnessed in 

 that sacred territory. British and French troops, 

 in 1917, under General Allenby, approaching 

 from the southeast, pressed the Turks back into 

 the city, and eventually beyond it. Careful not 

 to sacrifice the city to gunfire, it was not until 

 December 10 that peaceful entrance was ef- 

 fected and the Turkish army forced out to the 

 north and east. In April, 1918, the Hebrew flag 

 flew in the city for the first time in nineteen 

 centuries. E.D.F. 



Consult Watson's Story of Jerusalem; Mer- 

 rill's Ancient Jerusalem. 



Related Subjects. The following articles in 

 these volumes contain more detailed information 

 as to certain persons and events mentioned in the 

 above article : 



Constantine I Nebuchadnezzar 



Crusades Olives, Mount of 



Cyrus the Great Palestine 



David Pilate, Pontius 



Jews Solomon 



Judea Temple 



Maccabees Zionist Movement 



JESSAMINE, jes'amin. See JASMINE. 



JESUITS, jez'uits, or SOCIETY OF JE- 

 SUS, a Roman Catholic religious order which 

 was founded in 1534 by Ignatius Loyola (see 

 LOYOLA, IGNATIUS OF), and approved by Pope 

 Paul III in 1540. The members are bound 

 by the usual vows of poverty, chastity and 

 obedience; in addition, they are under oath 

 to render entire submission to Papal authority 

 and are forbidden to fill any of the higher 

 offices of the Church. In the few instances in 

 which Jesuits have been made cardinals or 

 archbishops it has been at the command of 

 the Pope. The constitution of the Order, 

 which was drawn up by its founder, is with 

 slight modification in force to-day. The gen- 

 eral aims of the organization are the greater 

 glory of God, the defense of the Roman Catho- 

 lic faith against heresy, the spread of the re- 

 ligion in pagan countries, and the education of 

 the young. 



The Order is divided into four classes: pro- 

 fessed fathers, or priests, from whom the gen- 

 erals and the higher officials of the society are 

 chosen; the coadjutors, or helpers, including 

 the lay brothers who perform the menial offices 

 and minor duties of the institutions; scholas- 

 tics, or students, who are preparing for priest- 

 hood; and novices, who are as yet bound by 

 no vows. Supreme power is vested in the 

 head of the Order, the "father general," who 

 is elected for life. 



The early development of the society was 

 remarkable. It rapidly spread through Europe, 

 and was the most successful influence directed 

 against the rising tide of Protestantism. In 

 this connection it was closely identified with 

 the Counter-Reformation movement (see 

 COUNTER-REFORMATION). But toward the end 

 of the eighteenth century Pope Clement XIV, 

 yielding to the pressure of the powers under 

 the Bourbon influence, but acting wholly in 

 the interest of "the peace of the Church," sup- 

 pressed the Order in all countries. It was too 

 powerful, however, to suffer more than a tem- 

 porary eclipse ; in 1801 it was partially rein- 

 stated by Pope Pius VII, and in 1814 was com- 

 pletely reestablished. 



As Educators and Missionaries. Since their 

 organization, the Jesuits have been regarded 

 as the leading and most scholarly of Catholic 

 educators. Wherever they located they estab- 

 lished schools and colleges of high order. They 

 have been remarkably successful in their meth- 

 ods of teaching the classics,' and the excellence 

 of their scientific courses is shown by the fact 



