JOHN 



3156 



JOHN THE APOSTLE 



after being crowned emperor, deposed John. 

 He collected large sums of money for the 

 Church, but his own life was simple and self- 

 denying. 



John XXIII (BALTHAZAR COSSA), Pope from 

 1410 to 1415, was of a noble Neapolitan family. 

 He called the Council of Constance, by which 

 he was deposed. He fled, but was imprisoned, 

 and after four years was released and appointed 

 dean of the Sacred College by his successor, 

 Martin V. 



JOHN, KNIGHTS OF SAINT. See KNIGHTS 

 HOSPITALERS OF SAINT JOHN. 



JOHN BULL. See BULL, JOHN. 



JOHN III, or JOHN SOBIESKI, sobyes'ke, 

 (1624-1696), king of 'Poland, a warrior and 

 statesman who, as a military leader, was suc- 

 cessful in keeping the Turk out of Western 

 Europe and preserving, in his time, the national 

 life of Poland. His service for his country 

 against the Russians, Swedes and Transyl- 

 vanians was so distinguished that in 1667 he 

 was made commander-in-chief of the Polish 

 army. His two most important victories were 

 won against the Turks, the first at Khotin in 

 1673, the second at the siege of Vienna in 

 1683. Upon the death of the king, Michael 

 Wisniowiecki, whose part in an unpopular 

 treaty had brought about the Battle of Khotin, 

 Sobieski was crowned king of Poland as John 

 III (1674), and his wife was crowned queen. 



JOHN OF GAUNT, gahnt, or gawnt, DUKE OF 

 LANCASTER (1346-1399), an English soldier and 

 nobleman, fourth son of Edward III and father 

 of Henry IV. He was born in Ghent, Flanders, 

 from which his name is derived, was created 

 Duke of Lancaster in 1362, fought in the 

 French wars under his brother, the Black 

 Prince, and was made governor of Guienne. 

 He was a friend of the poet Chaucer and sup- 

 ported John Wycliffe, the reformer, in his 

 contest with the English clergy. In the play 

 Richard II, Shakespeare introduces John as a 

 prominent character. About half a century 

 after the death of John of Gaunt, one of his 

 descendants, Henry VI, representing the House 

 of Lancaster, was deposed by the leaders of 

 the rival House of York, thus bringing on the 

 Wars of the Roses. 



JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY, an educa- 

 tional institution of high rank, incorporated in 

 1867 at Baltimore, Md., and formally opened 

 in 1876. Its permanence was assured by the 

 generosity of Johns Hopkins, a prosperous 

 merchant of the city, and the great school was 

 named for him. On his death in 1873, he left 



a fortune of $7,000,000 to be devoted to the 

 founding of a university arid a hospital; the 

 latter was opened in 1889. Johns Hopkins 

 University became a pioneer among American 

 institutions in the work of teaching by means 

 of laboratories and courses requiring individual 

 research, and it has won a national reputation 

 for the excellence of its postgraduate and 

 medical departments. Both the postgraduate 

 and undergraduate departments offer courses 

 in philosophy and psychology, mathematics, 

 physics, chemistry, geology, zoology, botany, 

 plant physiology, historical and economic 

 science, education, ancient and modern lan- 

 guages and literatures. Students admitted to 

 the medical department must hold a bache- 

 lor's degree or its equivalent. For the encour- 

 agement of research work, the university offers 

 annually a large number of scholarships and 

 fellowships. 



When the institution was opened a tempo- 

 rary location in the heart of the city was 

 chosen, but in 1902 a site in the suburbs was 

 secured by gift, and the university was pre- 

 sented with an endowment of $1,000,000 by the 

 citizens of Baltimore. Plans for the new 

 campus and buildings were then worked out. 

 In 1914 the mechanical and electrical engineer- 

 ing hall was occupied. At the beginning of 

 the school year of 1916-1917 the greater part of 

 the work was transferred to the new site; an 

 academic building and a civil engineering 

 building were also ready for occupancy at the 

 same time. The university is equipped wi 

 a splendid library of nearly 200,000 volui 

 In 1915-16 the faculty numbered 251 

 'teachers and twenty-one lecturers, and 

 total enrolment, including students taking 

 cial courses and those registered for the 

 mer session, was 1,688. Under the auspi 

 of the university is published a consider 

 number of scientific and literary journals 

 occasional books. 



The income-bearing funds have a pr 

 book-value of $6,674,000, and the property 

 estate, building, books, apparatus and gei 

 equipment) is valued at $3,387,000. TJI.B. 



JOHN THE APOSTLE, the "beloved disci- 

 ple" and companion of Jesus, one of the first 

 four chosen to be closely and intimately asso- 

 ciated with Him as apostle. Before Jesus 

 summoned John and his elder brother, James 

 (which see), to follow him, the young men, 

 with their father, Zebedee, were engaged in 

 fishing on the Sea of Galilee. They had at- 

 tended the preaching of John the Baptist along 



