JUAREZ 



3178 



JUDE 



belonging to Chile, politically included in the 

 province of Valparaiso. The two largest islands 

 are Mas-a-Tierra and Mas-a-Fuera. Mas-a- 

 Tierra is an island of great beauty, thirteen 

 miles long and four miles broad, with about 

 twenty inhabitants. Pigs, dogs, goats, cattle 

 and horses run wild in considerable numbers, 

 having been introduced by various colonists. 



The islands were discovered in 1563 by Juan 

 Fernandez, a Spaniard who lived on the islands 

 for some time and stocked them with pigs and 

 goats. The most famous resident, however, 

 was Alexander Selkirk, whose residence there 

 for four years (1704-1709) is said to have in- 

 spired the Robinson Crusoe of Daniel Defoe. 

 The islands came into the possession of Chile 

 at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and 

 were for some time used as a state prison by 

 the government of that country. 



JUAREZ, hwah'raze, BENITO (1806-1872), 

 twice ruler of Mexico, was born of Indian par- 

 ents in Oaxaca. He had a stormy political 

 career, but he faced his foes with the courage 

 of his race, holding his various political posi- 

 tions with unwearied energy, from humble 

 beginnings as a lawyer to the Presidency of 

 the republic. As the Mexican government was 

 bankrupt upon his accession, in 1861, he issued 

 a decree suspending for two years all payments 

 on public debts of every kind. This led to 

 the landing in Mexico of English, Spanish and 

 French troops. The French declared war, after 

 the withdrawal of the first two powers, named 

 Maximilian emperor and drove Juarez and his 

 adherents to the northern limits of the re- 

 public, where he maintained a stubborn resist- 

 ance. Under the pressure of the American 

 government, the French withdrew in 1867, when 

 Maximilian was captured and shot. Juarez 

 was reflected President in 1871. The last 

 years of his activities were disturbed by fre- 

 quent revolutionary attempts. He was always 

 an exponent of liberal views. 



The city of Juarez, Mexico, across the inter- 

 national boundary from El Paso, Texas, was 

 named for him, and there is a monument to 

 his memory in nearly every large city of the 

 republic. See MEXICO, subtitle History; MAXI- 

 MILIAN. 



JU'BILEE, the fiftieth anniversary of any 

 enterprise or institution. The name and idea 

 are borrowed from the ancient Hebrews, who 

 proclaimed each fiftieth year a year of atone- 

 ment and rejoicing. At the end of the forty- 

 ninth year the trumpet was sounded and during 

 the year following the lands lay fallow, slaves 



were set at liberty, families were reunited and 

 lands returned to their original owners or their 

 heirs. In the Roman Catholic Church it is the 

 occasion of unusual spiritual privileges. The 

 word now is very frequently employed in a 

 sense signifying a period of merrymaking. 



JUDAS ISCARIOT, ju 1 das iscair'iot, the 

 one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus who be- 

 trayed his Master into the hands of the Jewish 

 priests for thirty pieces of silver, an amount 

 equal to about $19.50. The name Iscariot prob- 

 ably me.ant that he came from Kerioth, a small 

 town in the south of Judah, while all the other 

 Apostles were chosen from Galilee. As treas- 

 urer for the Apostles, he cared for all funds, 

 and at the time when Mary of Bethany broke 

 the alabaster box of precious ointment and 

 anointed Jesus it was Judas who objected to 

 such extravagance and waste. Thus it seems 

 as if he must have followed Jesus for his own 

 personal gain, but after he had shown his 

 Master to the chief priests by kissing him in 

 the Garden of Gethsemane, remorse filled his 

 soul and led him to commit suicide. In The 

 Light of the World, Abraham Coles says: 



Motives, that Judas moved, soon spent their force, 



When followed an intolerable remorse, 



The dream of avarice was at an end, 



He had betrayed his living Lord and Friend. 



A treacherous person, or one who betrays 

 another while acting as his friend, is often 

 spoken of as a Judas. 



Judas Tree. The Judas tree, so called be- 

 cause tradition says that Judas hanged himself 

 on one of the species, is one of the poplars, 

 native of Southern Europe. It has large leaves 

 and delicate rose-colored flowers, which appear 

 before the leaves. The American Judas tree 

 is a very hardy poplar, grows to a height of 

 forty feet and is very similar to the European 

 variety. Both have an unusual black-veined 

 wood, which is strikingly beautiful when pol- 

 ished. 



JUDE, jcwd, a short epistle of only twenty- 

 five verses, which forms one book in the New 

 Testament and was probably written by Judas, 

 a brother of Jesus. Its date, place and occa- 

 sion are unknown, but it seems to denounce the 

 same false teachers as those rebuked in the 

 second chapter of // Peter. It is remarkable 

 in that it quotes a saying of Enoch (verse 14), 

 and a dispute between the archangel Michael 

 and Satan regarding the body of Moses (verse 

 9), quotations which are not found anywhere 

 else. The writer warns some certain body of 

 Christians, which he seems to be addressing, of 



