JUDEA 



3179 



JUDGMENT 



future judgment and punishment of the wicked, 

 through the examples of the fallen angels, of 

 Cain, Korah and Balaam, and of the wicked 

 cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. 



JUDEA, jude'a, the name given at the time 

 of Christ to the southern division of Palestine, 

 which formerly had been occupied by Dan, 

 Judah, Simeon and Benjamin, four of the 

 Twelve Tribes of Israel. The Mediterranean 

 Sea bounded the country on the west, the 

 Jordan and the Dead Sea on the east, while 

 Samaria was the province directly north of it 

 and Arabia Petraea extended over considerable 

 territory on the south. Although Jesus was 

 born in Bethlehem, a small town in this prov- 

 ince, most of his great work was done in dis- 

 tant Galilee or Samaria, so Jerusalem was its 

 only important city in New Testament history. 

 At present the region is a rather desolate, hilly 

 country in the southern part of Syria, belonging 

 to Turkey. 



JUDGE, one who presides in a court of law. 

 The judges of the highest courts in Great 

 Britain and in America are called justices, but 

 justices of the peace and magistrates are not 

 regarded as judges. 



Where there is no jury it is the duty of the 

 judge to determine, from the testimony given, 

 the facts in the case and the law which applies 

 to them. If there is a jury the judge, under 

 the laws of many states and provinces, must 

 permit the jury to be the judge both of the 

 'law and the facts. In criminal cases, the jury- 

 men determine the guilt or innocence of the 

 prisoner, and if they find him guilty the judge 

 imposes the sentence prescribed by law. 



In Great Britain and in Canada judges are 

 appointed by the Crown and serve for life. In 

 the United States the Federal judges are ap- 

 pointed for life by the President, subject to the 

 approval of the Senate; all others, whether 

 state, county, municipal or circuit court judges, 

 are elected, for a term of years (usually six), 

 by the people. Elected judges may be re- 

 called by popular vote in seven of the Ameri- 

 can states. For misconduct, American Federal 

 judges can be removed from office through im- 

 peachment proceedings, and Canadian judges 

 by the Governor-General upon an address from 

 Parliament. See LAW; COURTS; PROCEDURE; 

 IMPEACHMENT; RECALL, THE. 



JUDGES, BOOK OF, an historical book of the 

 Old Testament in which the life of the Chil- 

 dren of Israel is described under the rule of 

 the judges, or deliverers of the country. These 

 were the only rulers of the nation for many 



years after Joshua led the Israelites into the 

 Promised Land. After a short account telling 

 about the subjection of the land after Joshua's 

 death, the history of the rule of six judges is 

 given in detail, while six others are briefly 

 mentioned. These judges, as heroes of the 

 people, were obeyed by most of the nation, 

 thus preparing the way for Saul to be anointed 

 the first king of the united country. The won- 

 derful Song of Deborah, the story of Gideon's 

 army of 300 conquering the Midianites, and the 

 account of Samson's great strength, as well 

 as his reckless valor, are all found in this book, 

 which was probably written by Samuel, al- 

 though authorities disagree as to its authorship. 

 The period covered by the book is about 350 

 years. 



JUDG'MENT, one of the most important of 

 the intellectual activities; it is the typical act 

 of intelligence. To think is to a great extent 

 to judge. In its widest sense it means the 

 power of weighing facts in order to reach a 

 conclusion or a decision. Sound judgment is 

 the ability to see things in their proper rela- 

 tion. 



In its narrower and more technical sense, as 

 used in psychology, judgment means the power 

 we possess to discern the relation of similarity 

 or difference between objects or ideas. A judg- 

 ment is the assertion of a truth ; that is, of that 

 which corresponds with reality. That is why 

 we say that to judge is to discern truth rela- 

 tions. I discern the relation between the ideas 

 of honesty and welfare in life and I arrive at 

 the judgment: "Honesty is the best policy." 

 We also find differences between notions, as 

 in the judgment: "This dog is not a terrier." 

 To judge is to affirm or deny one thing of an- 

 other, and the result of the act of judging is 

 called a judgment. Every judgment can be 

 put in the form of a sentence or proposition. 

 In each proposition there are three elements: 

 the subject, the predicate and the relation of 

 agreement or disagreement we find between 

 them as the result of our act of judging. The 

 above examples will illustrate this. 



Ideas, concepts and percepts are the materials 

 from which we elaborate our judgments. These 

 are supplied partly by our personal experiences 

 and partly by the testimony of others, which 

 we have acquired by our education and read- 

 ing. The better educated a person is, the 

 greater is his power of forming correct, strong 

 and independent judgments, and a person who 

 forms such judgments will express them in 

 clear, accurate and concise statements. 



