JUDGMENT 



3180 



JUGULAR VEIN 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to. 

 the following articles in these volumes : 



Concept 

 Perception 



Psychology 

 Reason 



JUDGMENT, in law, is the decision of a 

 court in a case submitted to it. It becomes the 

 law governing the case unless it is set aside or 

 reversed by a higher court. If a judgment re- 

 serves part of a question for future decision, it 

 is called interlocutory. Judgment without 

 comment on the rights of the parties to a suit 

 may be given, either in default, when no de- 

 fense is made, or as a confessed judgment, when 

 the defendant admits claims against him. In 

 some states and provinces a judgment of 

 money owing becomes a lien upon the debtor's 

 real estate; elsewhere an execution is neces- 

 sary. See LIEN. 



JU'DITH, a Biblical heroine, the widow of 

 Manasses of Bethulia. When Holofernes, a 

 general of the king of Assyria, besieged her 

 native city, she went to the tent of the invader 

 and was admitted because of her striking 

 beauty. During the banquet held in her honor, 

 Holofernes drank deeply and fell into a pro- 

 found sleep. Judith then beheaded him with 

 his own sword, and was hailed as the deliverer 

 of Israel. Her history is given with much 

 skill in the Apochryphal book of Judith and has 

 inspired many sculptors and painters. It is 

 the subject of Donatello's bronze group in the 

 Lanzi Palace at Florence, and of Horace Ver- 

 net's pictures, entitled Judith on Her Way to 

 Holofernes and Judith in the Tent of Holo- 

 fernes. The story was also carefully drama- 

 tized, for the moving-picture industry, as Judith 

 of Bethulia; a magnificent and characteristic 

 setting was provided and millions of people 

 were given a really instructive lesson in Hebrew 

 history. 



JUDSON, HARRY PRATT (1849- ), the sec- 

 ond president of the University of Chicago, 

 well known as an authority on theoretical and 

 practical politics and international law. Born 

 in Jamestown, New York, he received his edu- 

 cation at Williams College, and from 1870 to 

 1885 served as principal of the Troy (N. Y.) 

 high school, in the meantime securing his mas- 

 ter's degree. In 1885 he removed to the West 

 and took the chair of history and pedagogics 

 in the University of Minnesota. Seven years 

 later he became professor of political science 

 at the new University of Chicago, and in the 

 following year was made head of his depart- 

 ment and dean of the faculties. He was very 

 closely associated with President Harper and 



was in thorough sympathy with the latter's 

 policies; and when President Harper died, in 

 January, 1906, Dean Judson was made acting 

 president. In the next year he was formally 

 appointed president, and under his administra- 

 tion the institution has continued to prosper 

 greatly. President Judson is the author of a 

 number of works on history and political 

 science, including Europe in the Nineteenth 

 Century, The Growth of the American Nation 

 and The Essentials of a Written Constitution. 



JUGGERNAUT, jug'ernawt, a term from 

 the Sanskrit, meaning lord of the world, is the 

 name given to a celebrated temple and idol of 

 Hindustan, in the presidency of Bengal. This 

 is the most celebrated shrine in Hindustan, 

 completed in the twelfth century at an enor- 

 mous expense. The idol is a carved block of 

 wood, with hideous black face and distended 

 blood-red mouth and with eyes made of 

 precious stones. The idol rests on a throne 

 between two others his brother Bala-Rama 

 and his sister Subhadra. On festival days the 

 throne of the Juggernaut is placed on a high 

 tower which moves on wheels, and the people 

 pull it along by ropes. The belief that devo- 

 tees cast themselves in front of this car to be 

 crushed to death probably grew out of the 

 accidental fatalities which sometimes occur. 

 No such deliberately intended sacrifices have 

 been made within two centuries. Every year 

 crowds of pilgrims worship at this shrine. 



JUGO-SLAVIA, joo'go slah'viah, one of the 

 new states built upon the ruins of the Austro- 

 Hungarian empire, which crumbled in 1918. It 

 represents a union of peoples under one govern- 

 ment who speak practically one language, and 

 was organized on the theory of "self-determina- 

 tion of peoples." The name of the country 

 means state of the southern Slavs, for Jugo is 

 a Slavic word meaning the south. 



In the new state are Serbs, whose home was 

 in Serbia, Montenegro, Bosnia, Herzegovina and 

 Dalmatia ; Croats, in Croatia and Slavonia ; and 

 Slovenes, who occupied old Carnolia, Carinthia, 

 Styria and Istria. All together, there are about 

 12,000,000 of these people, and their new state 

 is about 100,000 square miles in area. See map, 

 HUNGARY. 



JUGULAR VEIN, joo'gular vane, from the 

 Latin jugulus, meaning collar bone, is the nam 

 given to the four large veins which return 

 blood to the heart from the head and neck. 

 There are two on each side of the neck; one 

 lies close to the surface and carries blood from 

 the external portions of the head and neck; the 



