JUGURTHA 



3181 



JULIAN 



second lies deeper, and carries blood from the 

 interior of the cranium. Some veins may be 

 severed without serious consequences, but the 

 cutting of an in- 

 terior jugular vein 

 is usually fatal. 

 This is due to 

 the fact that the 

 quantity of blood 

 supplied to the 



ISL^>/' t ///,M>-widLj^ J 



brain is very _a Hi a 



great, and when 

 an interior jugu- 

 lar vein is cut 

 there is a serious 

 loss of this life- 

 giving substance. 

 See VEINS. 

 JUGUR ' THA " J UGULAR VEINS 

 ? -104 B.C.), a (o) RIg ^ t internal jugular 



jugular 



Numidian prince, vein 



, (&) Left internal 

 who gamed and 



vein 

 lost the throne of (c) Ri f e h in external 



his country by (d) Left external jugular 



vein 



treachery and (e) Left subclavian vein 

 r-iinnino- Nn </) Right vertebral vein 

 cunning. JNu- (g) Mammary vein 



midia was an 



ancient country of North Africa, the various 

 tribes of which had been united by Masinissa, 

 grandfather of Jugurtha. The latter was a 

 finely-gifted youth, an expert horseman and 

 skilful in warcraft. In 134 B. c. his uncle, then 

 king, sent him into Spain at the head of a 

 Numidian force fighting with the Romans. 

 While upon this expedition he became the 

 friend of Scipio Africanus Minor and other 

 influential Romans. 



Upon the death of his uncle, in order to 

 obtain sole possession of the throne, he killed 

 one cousin and drove the other from the 

 country. The latter appealed to Rome, and 

 as a consequence was given the rule of the 

 eastern part of Numidia, and Jugurtha the 

 western. In a short time Jugurtha, becoming 

 dissatisfied with this arrangement, besieged and 

 killed his cousin and the Romans who were 

 with him at the time. Through the influence 

 of Roman friends and rich -bribes he was able 

 for many years to evade the consequences of 

 his crime, but was at last captured by Marius 

 and brought to Rome. As a punishment he 

 was forced to march in the procession cele- 

 brating the triumphs of Marius, and was then 

 thrown into the Tullianum, an underground 

 prison, to die an ignominious death. The 

 Jugurthine War is the subject of a celebrated 



essay by the Roman historian Sallust. See 

 MARIUS, CAIUS. 



JUJUTSU, or JIUJITSU., joojit'soo, the 

 highly-developed, weaponless art of defense or 

 offense, is the foundation of the system of 

 physical culture of the Japanese. It was prob- 

 ably known as early as the seventh century 

 B. c., and was long a closely-guarded secret art, 

 practiced only by the nobility. It is now 

 taught in some Japanese schools, and soldiers, 

 sailors and policemen are required to perfect 

 themselves in it. Since the beginning of the 

 twentieth century schools for training in ju- 

 jutsu have been established in Europe and the 

 United States. 



The art requires a certain knowledge of 

 anatomy. It consists in making various dex- 

 terous twists, blows or grips which disable an 

 antagonist by rendering useless certain parts of 

 his body. Unlike wrestling, it does not depend 

 on muscular strength. A large man may be 

 easily overpowered by a smaller opponent who 

 understands the art. The term is often trans- 

 lated to conquer by yielding, and the aptness 

 of this interpretation is shown in the follow- 

 ing passage from Lafcadio Hearn's Out of the 

 East: 



In jujutsu there is a sort of counter for every 

 twist, wrench, pull, push or bend : only the ju- 

 jutsu expert does not oppose such movements. 

 No ; he yields to them. But he does much more 

 than that. He aids them with a wicked sleight 

 that causes the assailant to put out his own 

 shoulder, to fracture his own arm, or, in a des- 

 perate case, even to break his own neck or back. 



The person who studies and practices the 

 art of jujutsu receives valuable physical train- 

 ing. He is compelled to adopt a light, nour- 

 ishing diet, to get plenty of sleep, to practice 

 deep-breathing exercises and to forego all in- 

 temperate habits. Moreover, the ' gymnastic 

 exercises required are extremely beneficial to 

 the physical organism. In Japan both sexes 

 practice jujutsu. I.T. 



JULIAN, jool'yan, in full, FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS 

 JULIANUS (331-363), Emperor of Rome from 

 361 to 363, surnamed The Apostate on account 

 of his attempt to restore the pagan worship. 

 He was an able ruler and also noted as a 

 writer. He was born at Constantinople, and 

 was the son of Julius Constantius, brother of 

 Constantine the Great. When Constantius II, 

 son of Constantine, massacred the royal family, 

 Julian and his brother Gallus were spared. On 

 the death of his brother, Julian was sent to 

 Milan by Constantius, but was subsequently 

 allowed to go to. Athens, where he studied 



