JULIAN CALENDAR 



3182 



JULY 



philosophy, became a disbeliever in Christian- 

 ity and espoused paganism. Having been ap- 

 pointed commander of an army against the 

 Germans, he defeated them at Strassburg and 

 also compelled the Franks to make peace. He 

 became very popular in consequence, and when 

 he was ordered by Constantius to set out for 

 the East the troops rebelled and proclaimed 

 him emperor (360). 



The only obstacle to his attainment of impe- 

 rial honors was removed by the death of Con- 

 stantius, which occurred soon after, and on" 

 the eleventh of December, 361, Julian made 

 his triumphant entrance into Constantinople. 

 He endeavored to restore paganism in all its 

 magnificence, but surprised his subjects by his 

 edict of toleration, and although he opposed 

 Christianity he did not persecute the Chris- 

 tians themselves. All of his efforts were fruit- 

 less, and in the reign of his successor Christian- 

 ity again became the religion of the imperial 

 court. Julian attained fame as an author, and 

 some of his orations, satirical essays and let- 

 ters, which were written in Greek, are still ex- 

 tant. 



JULIAN CALENDAR. The name given to 

 the Roman calendar, after important changes 

 had been made in it by Julius Caesar. See 

 CALENDAR; EPOCH. 



JULIUS, jool'yus, the name of three Popes 

 of Rome, who occupied the Papal chair be- 

 tween A.D. 337 and 1555. 



Julius I, SAINT, was Pope from 337 to 352. 

 His reign fell in troubled "times, when the 

 Church was divided over the Arian contro- 

 versy. The followers of Arius, who denied 

 that Christ was equal with the Father, 

 preferred grievous charges against Saint Atha- 

 nasius, which the Pope dismissed with indig- 

 nation. With the Emperor Constans, he called 

 the Council of Sardica. His day is observed 

 on April 12. 



Julius II, Pope from 1503 to 1513, was a 

 great statesman and a liberal and judicious 

 patron of the fine arts. He devoted all his 

 energies to the complete restoration of Papal 

 sovereignty, and to the extinction of foreign 

 domination in Italy. He laid the corner stone 

 of Saint Peter's Church, and his two great 

 diplomatic feats were the formation of the 

 League of Cambrai in 1508, and of the Holy 

 League in 1512. 



Julius III, Pope from 1550 to 1555, was born 

 at Rome in 1487. While officiating as cardinal 

 he was chosen as one of three legates to open 

 and preside over the Council of Trent (see 

 TRENT, COUNCIL OF). As Pope, in 1551, he 

 reopened this council after its sittings had been 

 discontinued for two years. He was zealoi 

 and optimistic, and in this spirit sent Cardinal 

 Pole to England to endeavor to bring 

 English Church once more within the pale 

 Rome. Disheartened by failure, he died ii 

 1555. 



"HE STORY 



OF JULY 





ULY, the MONTH OF JULIUS, is the sev- 

 enth month of the year, according to the mod- 

 em calendar. The earliest Roman calendar 

 made it the fifth month, and gave it the name 

 of Quintilis, which means fifth, but it had the 

 honor to be the birth month of the great 

 Julius Caesar, and when his calendar reform 

 went into effect it was rechristened for him. 

 Previous to Caesar's time it had but thirty 

 days, but he added an extra day, to give it 

 the same length as the longest months. The 

 special flower of July is the water lily, and its 

 gem the ruby. See CALENDAR. 



Its Character. Summer begins in June, but 

 reaches its full maturity in July, which in 

 north temperate regions is likely to be the h( 

 test month of the year. Usually, however, 

 heat is not so oppressive as it is earlier or lat 

 in the summer, for in most localities the air is 

 rather dry and clear. Under the burning sui 

 the grass and leaves begin to lose the freshm 

 and greenness of June, and in places of little 

 rain the fields are often burnt quite brown by 

 the last of the month. Flowers thrive, how- 

 ever, and many of the most brilliant of them 

 are in their prime. The roses have not quite 



