JULY REVOLUTION 



3185 



JUNCO 



gone, and the poppies, the dahlias, the sweet 

 peas and the nasturtiums are in full bloom. 

 The air is full of the hum of insects, birds dart 

 everywhere in search of their food, and over 

 wayside flowers the butterflies hover. All in 

 all, it is a season of abundant life, and if he 

 chooses the child released from school can learn 

 more of nature in this one month than in sev- 

 eral months of formal "nature study" in the 

 classroom. 



Special Days. Both Canada and the United 

 States have days for very special observance 

 in July. Canada celebrates the first of the 

 month as Dominion Day (which see), the day 

 on which the Confederation Act went into 

 effect; while in the United States July 4 is 

 observed as Independence Day (which see), in 

 memory of the Declaration in which the colo- 

 nies announced their independence of Great 

 Britain. The French honor July 14 as the 

 anniversary of the fall of the Bastille (which 

 see), and on some of these celebrations hun- 

 dreds of prisoners have been pardoned and 

 released. Three Presidents of the United States 

 died on July 4 Jefferson and John Adams in 

 1826 and Monroe in 1831. 



JULY REVOLUTION, an uprising of the 

 French people against their tyrannical king, 

 Charles X, and 

 so called because 

 it occurred in 

 July. On the 

 downfall of Na- 

 poleon in 1815 

 the line of Bour- 

 bon kings was 

 restored in the 

 person of Louis 

 XVIII. Both he 

 and his brother 

 Charles, his suc- 

 cessor, adopted a 

 despotic policy, 

 and when in July, 

 1830, Charles is- 

 sued edicts inter- 

 fering with the 

 liberty of the 

 press and making 

 arbitrary changes 

 in the laws regu- 

 lating the right COLUMN OF JULY 

 to vote, the people of Paris rose in revolt. As 

 a result, Charles was dethroned, and Louis 

 Philippe, a member of the younger branch of 

 the Bourbon family, was given the crown. The 



200 



influence of the July Revolution wa^ felt 

 throughout Europe, especially in the Nether- 

 lands, where the Belgians revolted and declared 

 themselves independent of Holland. 



Column of July, a pillar of bronze, erected 

 in Paris on the site of the famous Bastille of 

 the French Revolution (see BASTILLE). It was 

 designed as a memorial to the 651 citizens who 

 fought and died for the liberty of France, July 

 27, 28 and 29, 1830. The names of the revolu- 

 tionists are carved on the column, and the 

 bodies of these victims are entombed in the 

 vaults below, as are also the bodies of those 

 who were killed in the Revolution of 1848. 

 Ascent is made to the top of the column, 154 

 feet above the ground. 



JUMNA, a great river of Northern India, one 

 of the important tributaries of the Ganges. I It 

 rises in the Himalayas, flows in a general south- 

 erly direction and falls into the Ganges below 

 Allahabad. Two canals, the eastern and west- 

 ern Jumna canals, lead from it, and in the hot 

 season draw off much of its water to irrigate 

 the dry plains. Its total length is almost 900 

 miles, and its drainage basin has an area of 

 118,000 square miles. 



JUMPING BEAN, the seed of several plants 

 of the spurge family, grown in Central and 

 South America. The seed gets its peculiar 

 name from its activity when inhabited by the 

 full-grown larva of a certain gray moth. The 

 seeds are somewhat triangular in shape and 

 are made to roll from side to side as well as 

 to jump. They are imported into the United 

 States, where they are called Mexican jumping 

 beans, or broncho beans. The latter is a local 

 name in the Southwest. 



JUNCO, jung'ko, the popular name for a 

 group of "snowbirds," the latter name refer- 

 ring to their habit of flying down from the 

 North with the first cold, snowy weather. 

 They are found on both continents in the 

 colder countries, are very common in the 

 northeastern part of the United States and in 

 Canada, and some have found their way north 

 to Alaska and Siberia. These plump little 

 birds have dull-slate plumage and white breasts 

 and white or flesh-colored bills. They build 

 their nests low on the ground, in meadows or 

 in hollow stumps or logs, using grasses, hairs 

 and feathers. The eggs, four or five in a nest, 

 are white or bluish-white, evenly marked with 

 small, brownish spots. Their most usual note 

 is something like 'tsip, and their song is low 

 and sweet, similar to the song of the European 

 robin redbreast. 



