KIEV 



3238 



KILLDEER 



extensive trade with Denmark and Sweden, 

 exporting coal, flour, beer, butter, cheese and 

 fish. The chief industry is shipbuilding, and 

 the city contains the imperial shipyards; but 

 there are also in operation iron foundries, en- 

 gineering works, oil mills and various manu- 

 facturing establishments. 



A great ship canal, of which Kiel is the 

 eastern terminus, connects the Bay of Kiel with 

 the North Sea, and is known as the Kaiser 

 Wilhelm Canal. In 1919 this canal was ordered 

 open to all nations by the peace conference, 

 that is internationalized. Kiel is the seat of a 

 university, founded in 1665; and a castle, built 

 in the thirteenth century, houses the university 

 library of over 319,000 volumes and a museum 

 with noted sculptures by Thorwaldsen. Pop- 

 ulation, 1910,211,620. 



Kiel Canal, the popular name applied to the 

 KAISER WILHELM CANAL (which see). 



KIEV, ke'yej, the oldest of the famous cities 

 of Russia, hence called the "mother of Russian 

 cities." It is situated on the Dnieper, about 

 670 miles south of Petrograd. It is the capital 

 of the government (province) of the same 

 name, and is divided into three parts Old 

 Kiev; Podol, the commercial quarter; and the 

 portion containing the old fortifications, known 

 as Petchersk. Its notable ancient churches and 

 monasteries, as well as historical remains, be- 

 speak the story of the prominent part played 

 by the city in the political and ecclesiastical 

 history of the nation. After the introduction 

 of Christianity into Russia, Kiev became a 

 prominent religious center. The Petcherskaya 

 Lavra, one of its most celebrated monasteries, 

 founded in the eleventh century, contains the 

 tombs of many ecclesiastical dignitaries, and 

 its treasury is filled with ancient Bibles, sacred 

 vessels and ecclesiastical costumes. Kiev has a 

 good harbor and its trade, chiefly in beet sugar, 

 tobacco, paper, chemicals, preserved fruits, 

 grain, timber and hardware, is extensive. Popu- 

 lation, 1911, 506,000. 



KILAUEA, ke loua'ah, a continuously active 

 volcano in the southern end of the island of 

 Hawaii, on the eastern slope of the larger 

 volcano of Mauna Loa (which see). Since 

 August, 1916, it has been a part of the Ha- 

 waiian National Park. Kilauea is a great hole 

 in the mountain side, three miles long, two 

 miles wide and from 200 to 700 feet deep. In 

 the southwestern part of this huge crater is a 

 pit or lake of boiling lava, which the natives 

 call the "House of Everlasting Fire." Some- 

 times this lava sinks suddenly to a depth of 



1,000 feet; again it rises almost to the surface 

 of the crater; but always its thickly-bubbling 

 mass, across which play streaks of fire and 

 from which rise, from time to time, blazing 

 fountains, affords an awesome sight. In times 

 of great activity the whole floor of the crater 

 becomes fluid, and the lava pours out through 

 cracks in the wall and flows down toward the 

 sea. Such eruptions occurred in 1789, 1823, 1832, 

 1840 and 1868, but they seem to have no con- 

 nection with the outbursts of neighboring 

 Mauna Loa. See HAWAII, subhead The Land. 



KILIMANJARO, kilemahnjah'ro, an ex- 

 tinct volcano in East Africa, about 100 miles 

 inland from Mombasa, with double peaks 

 named Kibo and Mawenzi. Kibo, rising 19,710 

 feet above sea level, has a summit crater about 

 600 feet deep, and is the highest point on the 

 continent; the other peak reaches a height of 

 17,570 feet. All vegetation ceases at 14,500 

 feet, while several large glaciers have been 

 found near the top. Hans Meyer, who as- 

 cended the mountain in 1889, was the first 

 man to reach the summit. 



KILLARNEY, kilahr'nl, a small market- 

 town of Ireland, in the county of Kerry, 185 

 miles southwest of Dublin. One and one-half 

 miles distant cluster the three celebrated con- 

 nected lakes to which this little town has given 

 its name, and which are famed in Irish song 

 and story. These lakes are situated in a basin 

 in the midst of the mountains of Kerry, some 

 of which, rising abruptly from the water's 

 edge, are enveloped in a wealth of trees from 

 base to summit. Many richly-wooded islai 

 contribute to the picturesque grandeur of the 

 lakes. The largest of these is Ross Island, con- 

 taining Ross Castle, an old stronghold of the 

 O'Donoghues, about whom center many of 

 interesting legends of the district. Another 

 island of note is the "sweet Innisfallen" of 

 Moore's song; here is situated the magnificent 

 ruin of an abbey founded in the sixth century. 



Midway in the course of the curiously-wind- 

 ing stream which connects the lakes is a famoi 

 echo, caused by a lofty rock known as Eagle's 

 Nest. The arbutus grows abundantly on the 

 islands and lakes, and the thrifty people of 

 Killarney have developed a lucrative trade 

 from the fancy articles they whittle from ar- 

 butus woopl and sell to attract the thousands 

 of tourists who stop here annually on their way 

 to the famous lakes nearby. 



KILL 'DEER, a widely-known bird of the 

 plover family, common throughout North 

 America from Newfoundland and Manitoba 



