KROPOTKIN 



3279 



KRUPP 



months of the year. In addition to its naval 

 station, Kronstadt has a naval school, govern- 

 ment navy yards, a cannon foundry and numer- 

 ous shipbuilding yards. The city was founded 

 by Peter the Great in 1710. Population, 1911, 

 68,270. 



KROPOTKIN, or KRAPOTKIN, krapawt' 

 keen, PETER ALEXEYEVITCH, Prince (1842- ), 

 a Russian Nihilist and geographer. He made 

 a permanent contribution to science by his 

 publication, in 1873, of a map and paper show- 

 ing that the maps of Asia then in circulation 

 gave an entirely incorrect representation of 

 the physical character of the continent. His 

 discoveries were the result of explorations un- 

 dertaken in 1864. In 1871 he made an impor- 

 tant expedition to Finland and Sweden for the 

 Russian Geographical Society. ' By this time 

 Kropotkin had become deeply interested in 

 the principles of the Russian Nihilists (which 

 see), and thenceforth he devoted himself to 

 their cause. His activity caused his arrest and 

 imprisonment in 1874, but two years later he 

 escaped. In 1878 he began to edit a revolu- 

 tionary organ, Le Revolte, in Switzerland. 

 Since 1886 he has made his home in England, 

 where he gives all of his time to writing and 

 lecturing in behalf of anarchism. His publi- 

 cations include Terror in Russia and Memoirs 

 of a Revolutionist. 



KRUGER, kroo'ger, STEPHANUS JOHANNES 

 PAULUS (1825-1904), a South African soldier 

 and statesman, who reached the surrmit of 

 his greatness as President of the South African 

 Republic in 1883, and was reelected succes- 

 sively in 1888, 

 1893 and 1898. 

 President Kruger, 

 although only a 

 plain, uneducated 

 citizen of the wil- 

 derness, attained 

 remarkable suc- 

 cess as a military 

 leader and a dip- 

 lomat. He was 

 born near Coles- 

 berg, in Cape 

 Colony. He ad- " OOM PAUL " KRUGER 

 vanced steadily through the inferior offices of 

 the primitive Boer republic, and became field- 

 cornet, district-commandant and commandant. 

 He distinguished himself in many wars, and 

 when the Transvaal became involved in civil 

 war between 1860 and 1870 Commandant Kru- 

 ger fought valiantly. 



When Van Rensburg became President of 

 the Boer Republic Kruger was elected com- 

 mandant-general. In 1876 he became Vice- 

 President of the republic, and the following 

 year, when the British took over the Trans- 

 vaal, he headed the famous triumvirate, the 

 other two members being Pretorius and Jou- 

 bert, which demanded their country back for 

 the Boers. He directed the Bjoers' affairs with 

 surprising success in the war of independence. 

 In the years that followed, as President of 

 the New South African Republic, he was at 

 the height of his fame. 



"Oom [Uncle] Paul," as Kruger was called, 

 was held in high esteem by his constituents, 

 and his words were accepted as proverbs* in 

 the Transvaal. When he was warned against 

 Jameson, instigator of the famous Jameson 

 Raid through the Transvaal, in 1895, he an- 

 swered the people by referring to the tortoise, 

 "We must wait until the beast has stretched 

 his neck well out of his shell, then we can cut 

 it off." 



The South African Republic was then enter- 

 ing upon a critical period, for British aggres- 

 sion against the Boers was becoming increas- 

 ingly pronounced. Kruger 's refusal to submit 

 to what seemed unbearable tyranny brought 

 on war in 1899. When the British advanced 

 toward Pretoria in 1900 Kruger moved his 

 headquarters eastward and crossed into the 

 Portuguese possessions in September. A month 

 later he sailed for Europe and made his home 

 at The Hague until his death. His body was 

 afterwards taken to Pretoria for burial. 



Related Subjects. The reader is referred to 

 the following articles in these volumes : 

 Jameson, Leander Starr Transvaal, The 

 South African War Union of South Africa 



KRUPP, kroop, FRIEDRICH ALFRED (1854- 

 1902), grandson of Friedrich Krupp, founder of 

 the great Krupp works, who was known 

 throughout Germany as the cannon king. He 

 was born at Essen in Prussia, and after the 

 death of his father, undertook the expansion 

 of the works and also established the Germania 

 shipbuilding yard at Kiel. By the invention of 

 a new process for Bessemer steel he made can- 

 nons and a seamless tire for car wheels, and 

 also hardened armor plates for warships. This 

 new method gives the surface a glasslike hard- 

 ness which shatters the projectile when it 

 strikes. Branches of the works have been es- 

 tablished at Annen, Kiel and Gruson, in Mag- 

 deburg; the whole number of persons em- 

 ployed is about 43,000, and the Krupp works 



