LABOR ORGANIZATIONS 



LABRADOR 



another trade to the Jailer's own business. !'<>i' 

 example, a bricklayer is forbidden to drive a 

 nail, and a carpenter must not handle a trowel. 

 Such narrow views are condemned by many 

 of the labor organizations of the second type, 

 those which include workers of all trades. The 

 Knights of Labor, which in about the year 

 1885 was the strongest labor organization in 

 America. is said to have doc-lined in power 

 because of its opposition to the unions, and 

 leadership is now held by the American Fed- 

 eration of Labor, an association formed by 

 hundreds of local trade unions in the United 

 States and Canada. 



The policy of the unions in demanding an 

 equal wage for all, regardless of their compara- 

 tive ability, is sometimes objected to on t In- 

 ground that it gives no encouragement to con- . 

 scientious and skilful work. On the other hand 

 it seems plain that the receipt of good wages 

 by comparatively inefficient workmen has en- 

 abled them so to improve their conditions of 

 living that they and their children have become 

 more efficient than were any laborers under 

 former wage systems. It is w r ell known that 

 in many countries where uniform high wages 

 are paid, manufacturing is really cheaper than 

 elsewhere, both because of the increased value 

 of the men and because of the stimulus to 

 inventing labor-saving devices. 



In England labor organizations became active 

 after the law against them was repealed in 

 1824. The trade unions were responsible for 

 many strikes accompanied by violence, and 

 many workmen preferred to belong to social- 

 i-tic societies. In 1864 an organization, called 

 the International Workingmen's Association, 

 was formed by French and British laboring 

 men; it soon drifted into socialistic control, 

 and eventually split into two rival societies. 

 It opposed war and held the duty of a work- 

 man to his fellows to be above national alle- 

 giance. An international organization of to- 

 day advocates the same principles, but proved 

 10 he powerless at the outbreak of the War of 

 i he Nations in 1914. 



U'orkingmen's associations gained impor- 

 tance in the second quarter of the nineteenth 

 century. The first large federation was the 

 \~ational Typographical Union, later called 

 International, to include Canadian members. 

 Since the decline of the Knights of Labor and 

 the rise of the American Federation of Labor, 

 the most important development has been the 

 organization of the Industrial Workers of the 

 World, familiarly called the "I. W. W.," a 



radical society objected to by the true leaders 

 of labor, which demands the entire overthrow 

 of the wage system and proclaims the right 

 of workingmen to destroy employers' property. 

 waste employers' time and break agreements 

 at will. This policy is called sabotage. C.H.TI. 



('insult Lloyd's .1 Country without Strikes; 



r.ilman's Mc'thndx <>j hiilHxtrinl j'carc. 



Related Subject*. The following general art! 



oles and biographies of labor Icjniprs have ;L boar- 

 ing on this subject : 



Debs, Eugene V. Labor. Division of 



Eight-Hour Day Labor Legislation 



Factory and Factory Mitchell, John 



System Open Shop 



Gompers, Samuel Sabotage 



Knights of Labor Strike 



Labor Day Syndicalism 



Labor, Department of Wages 



LABOUCHERE, laboothair', HENRY l)r- 

 PREY (1831-1912), a journalist and diplomat. 

 born in Surrey, England. He excelled as a 

 paragraph writer of pithy, pointed articles, and 

 in Parliament, where he served over twenty- 

 years, he was famous f orchis pointed speeches. 

 his aggressiveness as a Liberal, and his influ- 

 ence as a member of the Jameson Raid Com- 

 mission in 1896. He was a member of the 

 diplomatic service for ten years, serving at 

 Washington, D. C., part of the time. He was 

 connected with the Daily News as correspond- 

 ent in Paris; was city editor of the World, and 

 he founded and edited Truth. He was a vig- 

 orous advocate of Home Rule for Ireland. 



LABRADOR , lab ra dawr ' , or lab' ra da wr. 

 an almost trackless, icebound strip of rugged 

 coastland, which, with its adjacent barren 

 islands, constitutes the extreme eastern coun- 

 try of the British North American mainland. 

 It is a dependency of the British colony of 

 Newfoundland. Although Labrador was the 

 first part of North America to be discovered 

 by Europeans, having been visited by Norse- 

 men in the tenth century, it is still a land of 

 Eskimos 'and Indians ; and although thousands 

 of fishermen from Newfoundland, Canada and 

 the United States visit its coast each year to 

 carry away more than five million dollars worth 

 of fish, little is known of the interior of Labra- 

 dor with its untold wealth of natural resources. 



Labrador extends from the Strait of Belle 

 Isle northwest to Cape Chidley, at the entrance 

 of Hudson Strait. It varies from ten to fifty 

 miles in width and covers an area of 120,000 

 square miles, which is more than twice the 

 area of the stattf of Georgia and almost half 

 that of the great province of Saskatchewan. 



