LAVENDER 



3349 



LAW 



ex officio rector of the University. The average 

 enrolment of students is about 475, and the 

 faculty numbers about seventy. 



In 1876 it was decided to establish a branch 

 of Laval University at Montreal. Of this 

 branch the archbishop of Montreal is vice- 

 chancellor. Since 1889 the university at Mon- 

 treal has been practically independent in 

 matters of administration and instruction, but 

 degrees are awarded only by the university at 

 Quebec. At Montreal there are about a thou- 

 sand students. 



Frangois Xavier de Laval-Montmorency (1623- 

 1708), for whom Laval University was named, 

 was the first Roman Catholic bishop of Que- 

 bec. He was born at Laval, France, became a 

 priest in 1653, and in 1659 was sent to Canada 

 as Apostolic Vicar. He established the Semi- 

 nary of Quebec in 1663, and in 1680 gave all 

 his property to it. He was consecrated titular 

 bishop of Quebec in 1674, but resigned in 1685, 

 and thereafter gave most of his time to the 

 direction of the Seminary. Laval was a man 

 of conspicuous ability, and was for 'many years 

 one of the greatest figures, if not the most 

 powerful man, in Canada. Unfortunately, 

 however, his zeal for the Church led him into 

 frequent quarrels with the civil officials, nota- 

 bly Frontenac. He strongly opposed the sale 

 of liquor to the Indians, a practice counte- 

 nanced by many of the governors. His influ- 

 ence, especially before his resignation as bishop, 

 was tremendous, and to a large degree deter- 

 mined the paternalistic character of French 

 colonial government in Canada. W.F.R. 



I LAVENDER, a flower and shrub, about 

 which is woven a halo of sentiment. For many 

 years fine ladies and dear old-fashioned grand- 

 mothers have used it to scent their linens, and 

 so the faint, sweet, musty odor has become 

 quite generally associated with purity and fra- 

 grance. Lavender and Old Lace, a charming 

 story told by Myrtle Reed, typifies the venera- 

 tion in which lavender is held. The name 

 comes from the Latin lavare, meaning to wash, 

 and was given because of the ancient use of 

 lavender in bath waters. 



The little bush, from three to four feet high, 

 grows wild in countries about the Mediter- 

 ranean Sea. It is easily cultivated from cut- 

 tings or divisions of older roots, and thrives 

 in all temperate climates, growing best in a 

 sandy, well-drained soil. The gray-green leaves, 

 which are fragrant like its flowers, are long 

 and narrow. The little, pale-purplish blossoms, 

 whose characteristic hue has added the word 



lavender to our vocabulary of colors, grow in 

 whorls about a stalk. When properly dried, 

 they retain their fragrance for a long time. 

 From the leaves is obtained an oil which is 

 used medicinally as a stimulant. 



LAW, as related to government, is a system 

 of rules designed to bring the conduct of the 

 individual into harmony with the recognized 

 practice of his fellow men. It is intended to 

 give direction to individual actions that are 

 regarded as essential to the welfare of the 

 group. 



In its origin, law is only custom. The indi- 

 vidual acts or refrains from acting in a certain 

 way. Precedent is thus established. With the 

 setting up of tribunals, the process of law 

 building is hastened. Judges find rules in in- 

 terpreting popular customs and by consulting 

 earlier decisions. Thus out of social habits 

 there has gradually been evolved one of the 

 three great branches of law the common law. 

 Early judges did not always find in custom a 

 sufficient guide in reaching their decisions, so 

 they began to apply the tests of common sense 

 and their own notions of justice. In other 

 words, they began to make laws for themselves, 

 and this was the origin of the law of equity. 

 In England, Canada and the United States, 

 equity is recognized as judge-made law. The 

 third branch of law, statutory law, is enacted 

 by the legislature. 



All law may be grouped under two heads, 

 technically known as substantive and adjective, 

 or remedial. The former serves to define the 

 normal relations which the individual sus- 

 tains to the state and his fellows; the latter 

 deals with violations of the established order 

 and punishes crimes. Substantive law, again, 

 is divided into public law, which has to do 

 with the state and its relations, and private 

 law, which concerns private persons and prop- 

 erty. Further subdivisions of substantive law 

 are too numerous to be treated adequately in 

 a general survey. It will suffice to say that 

 substantive law deals with such matters as the 

 relation of the citizen to the state, property 

 rights, inheritance, the family, contracts, and 

 so on. Constitutional law, which is a division 

 of public law, regulates the organization of the 

 state and the relation of its several parts. 

 Administrative law concerns itself with the 

 procedure of the several organs of government. 

 International law, even in its most modern de- 

 velopment, is almost wholly based on custom. 

 No adequate machinery exists for coercing de- 

 linquent nations 



