LEIPZIG 



3375 



LELAND 



This interesting city is situated three miles 

 bove the junction of three small streams, the 

 lister, Pleisse and Parthe, and is seventy-four 

 liles northwest of Dresden. It is 111 miles 

 Duthwest of Berlin, about 500 miles northeast 

 f Paris and about 560 miles east of London, 

 'he inner part of the ancient town, which is 

 tie hub of the business activity, has narrow 

 treets and quaint houses, and is separated by 



fine promenade from the more extensive 

 lodern suburbs, which, in turn, are edged by 

 umerous busy manufacturing villages. Many 

 ivic improvements were introduced into Leip- 

 ig during the latter part of the nineteenth 

 entury. Among the imposing modern build- 

 ags are the Municipal Theater, one of the 

 snest in Germany; the imperial law courts; 

 ,nd the new Gewandhaus, in which some of 

 he best concerts in Europe are held. Much 

 if its material prosperity has been made pos- 

 ible through its three great annual fairs, last- 

 Qg from three to five weeks, and held at New 

 fear's, Easter and Michaelmas. Their origin 

 5 traced as far back as 1180, and they have 

 ,ttracted as many as 30,000 merchants from 

 Europe and Asia. Transactions to the extent 

 if over $50,000,000 are said to take place at 

 he Easter fair alone. The city's numerous 

 quares and open spaces provide ample means 

 or the stalls and booths of the retail dealers. 



In addition to the university, founded in 

 408, there are many other educational estab- 

 ishments, including a famous school of com- 

 nerce and a conservatory of music founded in 

 843 by Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, as well as 

 )ther literary, artistic and scientific institutions, 

 ^eipzig was the birthplace of Leibnitz and of 

 Wagner. Bach was director of music there in 

 wo of its leading churches, and Mendelssohn 

 vas director of the Gewandhaus concerts for 

 dx years. One of the scenes of Goethe's Faust 

 s placed in Auerbach's Keller (wine vault), in 

 vhich may still be seen frescoes illustrating 

 ;he legend used by the poet. 



The immediate neighborhood of Leipzig has 

 Deen the scene of numerous battles, notably 

 the Battle of the Nations in 1813, between 

 Napoleon and the allied forces of Russia, Ger- 

 many and Austria (see below). Population, 

 1910, 589,850. 



Battles of Leipzig. Three famous battles 

 were fought near Leipzig, two of them in the 

 Thirty Years' War and one in the war with 

 Napoleon. The first, which took place in Sep- 

 tember, 1631, and resulted in victory for the 

 Swedes and Saxons ? under Gustavus Adolphus, 



of the allied Prus- 

 sians, Russians, 



over the imperial army under Tilly, was the 

 first important obstacle met by the Roman 

 Catholics in their struggles in Northern 

 Europe. In the second battle of Leipzig, or 

 Breitenfeld, which 

 occurred in No- 

 vember, 1642, the 

 Swedes were again 

 victorious over 

 the Imperialists. 

 The third was 5| 

 the great victoiy $ 



ii* 1 



LEIPZIG MONUMENT 

 Commemorating the "Bat- 

 Austrians and tle of the Nations." 

 Swedes over the French under Napoleon. This 

 engagement, which is also called the "Battle of 

 the Nations," practically secured Germany's 

 freedom. R.D.M. 



LEITH, leeth, the seventh largest town in 

 Scotland. The foreign, colonial and coasting 

 trade of this seaport town is of ever-increasing 

 importance, and it has steamboat communica- 

 tion with London, the north of Scotland, sev- 

 eral continental ports and with New York. 

 Leith is situated on the Firth of Forth, two 

 miles north of Edinburgh, with which it is 

 connected by a street solidly lined with build- 

 ings; its history is to a large extent associated 

 with that of Edinburgh. Among the newer 

 buildings are the courthouse, custom house, ex- 

 change, Trinity House, hospital, Sailors' Home 

 and Saint James's Episcopal Church. Leith 

 Fort is now artillery headquarters in Scotland. 

 Among the manufactures are machinery, sail- 

 cloth, ropes, soap, bottles and flour; shipbuild- 

 ing is carried on extensively, and there is a 

 thriving trade in distilled liquors and fishery 

 products. Population, 1911, 80,490. 



LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903), an 

 American who acquired fame as a humorist, 

 poet, journalist and miscellaneous writer. After 

 graduation at Princeton University in 1845 he 

 studied in Europe, at Heidelberg and Munich 

 and later in Paris. He was in the latter city 

 during the revolution of 1848, and was a mem- 

 ber of the American delegation appointed to 

 congratulate the new government on its success. 

 Leland returned to Philadelphia, studied law 

 and in 1851 was admitted to the bar. 



During his student years he had been a pro- 

 lific writer, and this work he continued with 

 such promise of financial independence from it 

 that he soon abandoned the law and gave his 

 time entirely to literature. One of his greatest 

 successes was Hans Breitmanris Ballad, written 



