LIECHTENSTEIN 



3408 



LIEUTENANT 



methods of analysis. His Chemical Letters, 

 published in 1852, have been translated into 

 nearly a dozen languages and are among the 

 most valuable contributions to chemical litera- 

 ture written in modern times. 



LIECHTENSTEIN, leeK'ten schtinc, the 

 smallest independent state in Europe, with the 

 exceptions of Monaco and San Marino. It 

 lies between Austria and Switzerland, extend- 

 ing along the right bank of the Rhine, and 

 covers an area of 

 about sixty-five 

 square miles, a 

 little greater than 

 that of the Dis- 

 trict of Colum- 

 bia, or a third of 

 that of the city 



/ 



SWITZERLAND 



LOCATION MAP 



The triangular black area 

 nf Chiffle-o Ex- between Austria and Switzer- 

 f' ^ land is Liechtenstein. The 

 cept in the west- body of water to the north is 



ern part it is Lake Constance - 

 mountainous. The chief industries are agri- 

 culture, stock raising, weaving, wood carving 

 and wine making. 



It is governed by a prince descended from 

 free barons who became princes of Liechten- 

 stein in 1608. The government is constitu- 

 tional. All males of twenty-four years of age 

 are voters, and they elect a Diet (Congress) 

 of twelve members, who retain their seats for 

 four years. Previous to 1868 military service 

 was compulsory. The state has no public debt, 

 and the revenue usually exceeds the expendi- 

 ture. It belongs to the Austrian Customs- 

 Union, and is practically a part of Austria- 

 Hungary. The capital is Vaduz, a town of 

 1,100 people. The language spoken since the 

 seventeenth century is German. The total 

 population is about 10,000. 



LIEGE, leayzh', in the center of the East 

 Belgian coal-mining district, and formerly one 

 of the most important manufacturing cities of 

 Belgium, is situated fifty-four miles southeast 

 of Brussels, on both banks of the River Meuse. 

 It is the the capital of the province of Liege. 

 Its ring of twelve forts, six on each side of the 

 river, and crowning the hills which surround 

 the city, offered the first real resistance to the 

 forces of the Germans in their memorable in- 

 vasion of Belgium in August, 1914 (see WAR 

 OF THE NATIONS), and the news of its capture 

 told the world that the brave little country 

 was doomed to fall before a foreign foe. At 

 the time of its surrender Liege was garrisoned 

 by 40,000 soldiers, but the invading army out- 

 numbered the Belgian forces two to one. 



The city was a valuable prize of war not 

 only because of its strategic situation and its 

 arsenal, but because it was Belgium's chief 

 center for the manufacture of railroad equip- 

 ment and firearms. Over 20,000 workmen were 

 employed in the manufacture of firearms alone, 

 and there were besides large zinc foundries and 

 factories for the making of watches, gold and 

 silver articles, mirrors, cloth, leather and paper. 

 Liege suffered greatly from the heavy bom- 

 bardment to which it was subjected. Before 

 the War of the Nations it was an attractive 

 city of handsome squares, fine public buildings 



LOCATION MAP 



and stately churches. Its university, founded 

 in 1817, had an enrolment of nearly 3,000 in 

 1913. Population, 1912, 170,630. 



LIEN, le' en, or leen, in law, is a claim or 

 legal hold which one person has upon the prop- 

 erty of another as security for debt. In cases 

 where real or personal property is charged with 

 an obligation to pay, every such charge may 

 be designated a lien, but a lien is not a title 

 to the property. Liens are of two kinds, spe- 

 .cific or general. A specific, or particular, lien 

 is one in which a person in possession of goods 

 may hold them until a claim which he holds is 

 satisfied. It may be also held against certain 

 personal property for a debt arising from ma- 

 terials furnished, or for work done upon it. 

 This is the most common form of a lien. A 

 general lien is one upon property for a general 

 balance due from the owner. 



LIEUTENANT, lu' ten ant, in most modern 

 armies and navies an officer who assists his 

 superior and commands in the latter's absence. 

 In Germany he is called leutnant; in Italy,; 

 tenente; in Spain, teniente. In both the 

 American and Canadian armies the first and 

 second lieutenants rank first and second belo\v 

 captains. In the British navy the lieutenant 

 is next below a commander; in his first eighi 

 years of service he ranks with an army captain 

 afterwards with a major. In the United State, 



